Purchase
POA
结果
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示例输出Total cost of ownership (present value)
$61k
1000 kVA · S13 — oil-immersed (grade 3) · 50% load · 20 yr · 6% discount
Annual loss
29,828 kWh
PV of losses
$48k
Loss factor
13.4×
Full-cost breakdown (20 years, discounted)
| Component | Value |
|---|---|
| Initial purchase | POA |
| No-load loss 830 W | $12k |
| Load loss 10300 W | $36k |
| O&M (1%/yr, discounted) | $2k |
| Salvage (10% residual, discounted) | −$371 |
| Total cost of ownership | $61k |
Efficiency-level comparison (lowest TCO first)
| Efficiency level | Price | Po | Pk | Loss/yr | TCO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amorphous alloy — oil-immersed | POA | 270 W | 10300 W | 24,922 | $56k |
| S20 — oil-immersed (NX1) | POA | 450 W | 9600 W | 24,966 | $56k |
| S13 — oil-immersed (grade 3) ◂ selected | POA | 830 W | 10300 W | 29,828 | $61k |
| S11 — oil-immersed (grade 3) | POA | 1150 W | 10300 W | 32,631 | $65k |
| SCB13 — dry-type | POA | 1200 W | 9600 W | 31,536 | $67k |
Payback insight
Paying $636 extra for "S13 — oil-immersed (grade 3)" over the lowest-cost "S11 — oil-immersed (grade 3)" saves 2,803 kWh/yr — simple payback ≈ 1.9 years.
面向工程师和采购人员，按总拥有成本比较不同变压器能效等级（S11、S13、S20、非晶合金、SCB13）。
使用计算器
计算示例
预先计算的参考示例（可抓取——无需 JavaScript）。在上方输入您自己的参数即可获得实时结果。
计算示例 — 1000 kVA，50% 负载，$0.12/kWh，20 年
Total cost of ownership (present value)
$61k
1000 kVA · S13 — oil-immersed (grade 3) · 50% load · 20 yr · 6% discount
Purchase
POA
Annual loss
29,828 kWh
PV of losses
$48k
Loss factor
13.4×
Full-cost breakdown (20 years, discounted)
| Component | Value |
|---|---|
| Initial purchase | POA |
| No-load loss 830 W | $12k |
| Load loss 10300 W | $36k |
| O&M (1%/yr, discounted) | $2k |
| Salvage (10% residual, discounted) | −$371 |
| Total cost of ownership | $61k |
Efficiency-level comparison (lowest TCO first)
| Efficiency level | Price | Po | Pk | Loss/yr | TCO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amorphous alloy — oil-immersed | POA | 270 W | 10300 W | 24,922 | $56k |
| S20 — oil-immersed (NX1) | POA | 450 W | 9600 W | 24,966 | $56k |
| S13 — oil-immersed (grade 3) ◂ selected | POA | 830 W | 10300 W | 29,828 | $61k |
| S11 — oil-immersed (grade 3) | POA | 1150 W | 10300 W | 32,631 | $65k |
| SCB13 — dry-type | POA | 1200 W | 9600 W | 31,536 | $67k |
Payback insight
Paying $636 extra for "S13 — oil-immersed (grade 3)" over the lowest-cost "S11 — oil-immersed (grade 3)" saves 2,803 kWh/yr — simple payback ≈ 1.9 years.
计算示例 — 630 kVA S20，60% 负载，$0.15/kWh，25 年
Total cost of ownership (present value)
$63k
630 kVA · S20 — oil-immersed (NX1) · 60% load · 25 yr · 6% discount
Purchase
POA
Annual loss
21,861 kWh
PV of losses
$51k
Loss factor
15.4×
Full-cost breakdown (25 years, discounted)
| Component | Value |
|---|---|
| Initial purchase | POA |
| No-load loss 318 W | $6k |
| Load loss 6048 W | $44k |
| O&M (1%/yr, discounted) | $2k |
| Salvage (10% residual, discounted) | −$261 |
| Total cost of ownership | $63k |
Efficiency-level comparison (lowest TCO first)
| Efficiency level | Price | Po | Pk | Loss/yr | TCO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amorphous alloy — oil-immersed | POA | 191 W | 6489 W | 22,136 | $63k |
| S20 — oil-immersed (NX1) ◂ selected | POA | 318 W | 6048 W | 21,861 | $63k |
| S13 — oil-immersed (grade 3) | POA | 587 W | 6736 W | 26,383 | $72k |
| SCB13 — dry-type | POA | 849 W | 6048 W | 26,506 | $74k |
| S11 — oil-immersed (grade 3) | POA | 813 W | 6489 W | 27,587 | $74k |
Payback insight
Paying $2,409 extra for "S20 — oil-immersed (NX1)" over the lowest-cost "S11 — oil-immersed (grade 3)" saves 5,727 kWh/yr — simple payback ≈ 2.8 years.
计算过程
- · 年能量损耗：W = (Po + Pk × LF²) × hours，其中 Po = 空载损耗，Pk = 负载损耗，LF = 平均负载系数。
- · 年损耗成本：Closs = W × 电价。
- · 损耗资本化系数：A = [1 − ((1+g)/(1+r))ᴺ] ÷ (r − g) — 每年 1 美元损耗成本的现值。
- · TCO = 采购价 + PV（损耗） + PV（运维） − PV（残值），均按折现率 r 折现。
引用标准
| Standard | Scope |
|---|---|
| IEC 60076 | 电力变压器 — 额定值、损耗与效率 |
| IEC 60364-8-1 | 低压电气装置的能效 |
| IEEE C57.120 | 电力变压器与配电变压器损耗评估指南 |
| GB 20052-2020 | 电力变压器能效等级 |
常见问题
什么是变压器全生命周期成本（TCO）？
TCO = 采购价 + 全生命周期空载/负载损耗现值 + 运维与更换。损耗占主导：20-30 年内损耗资本化成本常达采购价的 1-2 倍。计算器按 IEC 60076 与 IEEE C57.120 折现损耗，对比 S11/S13/S20/非晶/SCB13。
低损耗变压器贵多少？多久回本？
S13 比 S11 贵 10-20%、空载损耗降约 25%，电价高于 0.08 美元/kWh 时通常 2-4 年回本。非晶变压器贵 20-40% 但空载损耗降 60-70%，适合轻载场合。计算器算溢价回本与净现值。
空载损耗和负载损耗有什么区别？
空载（铁）损耗在变压器带电时恒定存在、与负荷无关，是轻载时的主要成本。负载（铜）损耗随负载电流平方变化，高负载时占主导。30% 负载率的变压器以空载损耗为主；计算器按负荷曲线对两者加权。
变压器标准定义了什么能效等级？
IEC 60076-20 与 GB 20052 定义能效等级（欧盟 Tier 1/Tier 2，中国 1/2/3 级）。等级越高空载和负载损耗越低。中国 GB 20052-2020 把变压器分 1-3 级，1 级最节能。计算器把型号对应到这些等级。
非晶合金变压器什么时候划算？
非晶变压器空载损耗降 60-70% 但贵 20-40%，适合轻载或 24 小时带电但利用率低（如 20-30% 负载）的场合。高负载时负载损耗主导、溢价回本更慢。计算器按你的负荷曲线评估回本。
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