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Calculadora de Sistema de Energia para Data Center

Projete um sistema de distribuição de energia tolerante a falhas para data center a partir da sua carga de TI — dimensionamento de transformador e UPS, redundância N / N+1 / 2N, BOM e diagrama unifilar, com verificações de PUE e curto-circuito.

Começar a Calcular Soluções para Data Centers

Por que esta calculadora

Data centers são as cargas de maior valor e menor tolerância no mercado elétrico. Esta calculadora transforma um único número — sua carga de TI em kW — em um projeto completo de distribuição de energia: dimensionamento de transformador a seco, capacidade de UPS online de dupla conversão, topologia de redundância (N / N+1 / 2N) e uma lista de materiais com preços, seguindo GB 50174, TIA-942 e a classificação por tiers do Uptime Institute.

Worked Examples

Example 1 — 1 MW Data Center (2N, Tier III) · FOB $557,571

Data center power system · 2N · 10kV/0.4kV · Tier III

1,600 kVA transformer

SCB13-1600/10 · UPS 1250 kVA ×2 · PUE 1.68

IT load

1,000 kW

Total facility

1,680 kW

UPS capacity

1,250 kVA ×2

PUE

1.68

Est. total (FOB)

POA

📦 Bill of Materials

Equipment	Model	Spec	Qty
HV incoming panel	KYN28A-12-630-315	630 A / 31.5 kA · vacuum	2
HV bus-tie panel	KYN28A-12-630-315	630 A / 31.5 kA · vacuum	1
Main transformer (each)	SCB13-1600/10	1600 kVA · Dry-Type · Copper · SCB13	2
LV incoming panel	GGD-2500	2500 A busbar · In 2309 A	2
LV bus-tie panel	GGD-2500	2500 A busbar	1
LV feeder panel (×2)	GGD-2500	distributes 8 circuits	2
Cable branch box (LV)	DFW-0.4	1-in / 4-out · 0.4 kV · 630 A	1
Main feeder cable (TX→LV)	YJV 0.6/1kV 300 mm² ×5	5× 300 mm² Cu · ΔU 0.90% @ 60 m · $154.0/m	5
Feeder cable — IT feeder 1 (×8)	YJV 185 mm²	185 mm² Cu · 319 A · ΔU 1.0% · $103.0/m	8
Branch trunk cable (LV → branch box 1)	YJV 300 mm² ×3	3× 300 mm² Cu · 1276 A · ΔU 0.8% · $154.0/m	3
Main busbar (Cu)	Cu 125×10	125×10 · 2500 A rating · ref $147.8/m	included
Grounding electrode	Φ20mm × 2.5m rod	R₁ 39.6 Ω → 13 rod(s) ≤ 4 Ω	13
Online double-conversion UPS module (1/2)	1250 kVA / 1125 kW	0.9 output PF · 92% efficiency · 10 min battery (181 kWh total)	1
Online double-conversion UPS module (2/2)	1250 kVA / 1125 kW	0.9 output PF · 92% efficiency · 10 min battery (181 kWh total)	1
UPS battery bank (VRLA / LiFePO4)	181 kWh	battery autonomy 10 min @ full IT load · $95/kWh	1
DCIM / monitoring system	DCIM platform	power & environmental monitoring, metering, alarms (POA — not included in estimate)	1
Rack PDU (end-of-row / column head cabinet)	rack PDU	per-rack power distribution + branch metering (POA — not included in estimate)	13

📐 Single-line diagram

⚙️ Electrical schematic (protection & metering)

⛳ Grounding grid layout

🔌 Cable schedule & routing

🗄 Switchgear arrangement

🛡 Protection configuration

📋 Protection settings

Circuit	Protection	Setting	Time	Standard
HV incoming 10 kV	50 instantaneous	739 A	inst	IEC 60255-151 / IEEE 242
HV incoming 10 kV	51 overcurrent	111 A	0.5 s	IEC 60255-151 / IEEE 242
HV incoming 10 kV	51N earth-fault	18 A	0.5 s	IEC 60364-4-41
Transformer 1600 kVA	87 differential	18 A	inst	IEEE C37.91 / GB/T 14285
Transformer 1600 kVA	49 thermal overload	99% of rated	alarm/trip	IEC 60076-7 / IEEE C57.91
LV incoming 0.4 kV	50 instantaneous	18475 A	inst	IEC 60947-2
LV incoming 0.4 kV	51 overcurrent	2771 A	0.3 s	IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
LV incoming 0.4 kV	51N earth-fault	462 A	0.3 s	IEC 60364-4-41
LV bus-tie	50/51 overcurrent	2771 A	0.3 s	IEC 60947-2
IT feeder 1	50/51/51N (MCCB)	Ir 351 A - Im 2552 A - Ig 64 A	0.1 s (grading)	IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
IT feeder 2	50/51/51N (MCCB)	Ir 351 A - Im 2552 A - Ig 64 A	0.1 s (grading)	IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
IT feeder 3	50/51/51N (MCCB)	Ir 351 A - Im 2552 A - Ig 64 A	0.1 s (grading)	IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
IT feeder 4	50/51/51N (MCCB)	Ir 351 A - Im 2552 A - Ig 64 A	0.1 s (grading)	IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
IT feeder 5	50/51/51N (MCCB)	Ir 351 A - Im 2552 A - Ig 64 A	0.1 s (grading)	IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
IT feeder 6	50/51/51N (MCCB)	Ir 351 A - Im 2552 A - Ig 64 A	0.1 s (grading)	IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
+2 more feeders	50/51/51N (MCCB)	per feeder load	0.1 s (grading)	IEC 60947-2

Settings are illustrative starting points — confirm with a protection coordination study per IEC 60255 / IEEE 242.

📚 Calculation book

CALCULATION BOOK

1600 kVA - 10kV/0.4kV - N+1 - illustrative

1. Load calculation

Standard: IEC 60076 - IEC 60364-5-52

Parameter	Formula	Value
Connected load	P = sum(kW)	1,680 kW
Demand factor	Kd	0.9
Demand power	Pd = P x Kd	1,512 kW
Power factor	cos(phi) before -> after	0.95 -> 0.95
Design apparent power	Sd = Pd / cos(phi)	1,592 kVA
Transformer loading	Sd / Srated	99%

2. Short-circuit calculation

Standard: IEC 60909

Parameter	Formula	Value
System impedance (pu)	Zs = S / Ssc	0.32% (on 1600 kVA base)
Transformer impedance	Zt = Z%	6%
Total impedance	Z = Zt + Zs	6.32%
LV prospective Isc	Isc = In / Z	36.5 kA
HV prospective Isc	Isc = Ssc / (sqrt(3) x V)	28.9 kA
Breaking check	Icu >= Isc	LV 50 kA (1.4x margin) PASS

3. Voltage drop

Standard: IEC 60364-5-52 Annex G

Parameter	Formula	Value
Main feeder	dU = sqrt(3) x I x L x R / V	300 mm2 - dU 0.90% @ 60 m
Limit	max 3%	within limit
Transformer volt. reg.	dU ~ loading x Z% x sin(phi)	1.9% at full load

4. Reactive power / harmonics

Standard: IEC 61921 (PFC) - IEEE 519 (harmonics)

Parameter	Formula	Value
Required compensation	Qc = Pd x (tan1 - tan2)	0 kvar
PFC bank	standard step	0 kvar
Detuned reactor	p = 6%	n/a

5. Grounding

Standard: IEC 60364-5-54 earthing arrangements and protective conductors LV earthing target 10 ohm (TN systems); 4 ohm used as a conservative design target - target 4 ohm

Parameter	Formula	Value
Single rod resistance	R1 = rho/(2 x pi x L) x ln(4L/d)	39.6 ohm
Rods required	n = R1 / (target x 0.8)	13 rod(s) <= 4 ohm
Rod spec	dia x length	20 mm x 2.5 m

This calculation book is illustrative it consolidates the computed values with the referenced standards. A licensed engineer must verify and seal final design documents for construction.

🔧 Secondary schematic (control & signal)

🔩 Terminal strip (typical)

🔋 UPS system

Parameter	Value
UPS module capacity	1250 kVA (1125 kW @ 0.9 PF)
Redundancy topology	2N → 2 module(s) across 2 path(s)
UPS efficiency basis	92% (online double-conversion)
Battery autonomy	10 min → ≈ 181 kWh

🌡️ PUE & efficiency

Parameter	Value
PUE (computed)	1.68 = total facility load ÷ IT load
Rack density	8 kW/rack → 125 racks
Reference range	1.2–1.6 typical; GB 50174 / Uptime Institute recommend monitoring and minimizing

📏 Standard basis (依据标准)

Topic	Standard
Standard basis	IEC · IEC 60364-5-52
Conductor ampacity	IEC 60364-5-52 Table B.52.2–B.52.5 (copper, 3 loaded conductors, 30°C ambient, PVC) — typical/rounded values, conservative (±3%)
Voltage-drop limit	IEC 60364-5-52 Annex G · max drop 3%
Winding temp rise	IEC 60076-11 — dry-type Class F 100 K rise
kVA ratings	IEC 60076-1 R10 preferred numbers
Breaker frames	IEC 60947-2 frame sizes (In)
Grounding target	IEC 60364-5-54 earthing arrangements and protective conductors — LV earthing target ≤ 10 Ω (TN systems); 4 Ω used as a conservative design target · target 4 Ω
Data center design	GB 50174 — data center design code (China) · TIA-942 · Uptime Institute Tier III
UPS (uninterruptible power)	IEC 62040 — UPS performance & test requirements
Electrical supply reliability	GB 50052 — code for design of electric power supply systems

🧮 How it was calculated

1. IT load = 1,000 kW (≈ 125 racks @ 8 kW/rack)

2. Cooling + auxiliary = 600 kW (cooling 60%) + 80 kW (aux 8%)

3. Total facility load P = 1,680 kW → PUE = P ÷ IT = 1.68

4. UPS capacity = IT ÷ (PF × η) = 1,000 ÷ (0.95 × 0.92) = 1,144 kVA → 1250 kVA module

5. UPS battery = 1,000 kW × 10 min ÷ 60 ÷ 0.92 = 181 kWh autonomy

6. Tier Tier III requires N+1 minimum; selected 2N → 2 UPS module(s) · 2 path(s)

7. Loads: P=1,680 kW, PF 0.95, 8 circuits

8. Demand: 1,680 × 0.9 = 1,512 kW

9. PFC: Qc = 1,512 × (0.329 − 0.329) = 0 kVAR → 0 kVAR bank

10. Transformer: S = 1,512 ÷ 0.95 = 1591.6 kVA → 1,600 kVA standard

11. Loading: 1,592 ÷ 1,600 = 99% (high — consider next size)

12. Voltage regulation: 99% × 6% × sinφ ≈ 1.9% at full load

13. HV: In 92.4 A, Isc 28.9 kA → KYN28A-12-630-315

14. LV: In 2309 A, Isc 36.5 kA (Xfmr Z 6% + system 0.3%) → GGD-2500, 2 feeder panel(s)

15. Cable branch boxes: 1 × DFW-0.4 (1-in/4-out) for feeder grouping

16. Grounding: R₁ 39.6 Ω → 13 rod(s)

17. Main feeder: 5× 300 mm² · ΔU 0.90% — OK

Summary
Estimated total (FOB Qingdao, EXW) — priced equipment				$557,571

📋 Design notes

Pricing basis: FOB Qingdao (EXW) equipment price. Freight, duty and installation are not included — add for landed economics.

Transformer loading: 99% at design demand — high, consider the next size up.

Short-circuit check: HV 28.9 kA vs 31.5 kA (1.1× margin) · LV 36.5 kA vs 50 kA (1.4× margin).

Voltage regulation: ≈ 1.9% at full load (typical limit 5%).

Copper price linkage: Copper-wound transformer price tracks LME copper (current $14,115/t · 2026-09-14 · LME Copper (Sina hf_CAD)).

Parallel conductors: Single-cable ampacity exceeded — parallel conductors specified: main feeder 5× 300 mm², branch trunk 1 3× 300 mm² (per IEC 60364-5-52 / GB 50054).

Cable & grounding pricing: Cable conductors and grounding are priced from the confirmed cables-trays-grounding price reference (per-metre copper YJV; aluminium remains POA). The main copper busbar is POA — its length is project-specific.

Busway (high-current feeders): For LV feeders above ~2500 A, a busway (母线槽) trunking system is recommended instead of parallel cables.

PUE estimate: Computed PUE 1.68 (typical modern data centers 1.2–1.6; actual depends on cooling technology and climate).

UPS pricing: Data-center UPS modules are quoted per project — the online catalogue covers 1–3 kVA units, so these are shown POA.

UPS battery bank: A 181 kWh battery bank provides 10 min autonomy at full IT load — sized separately and quoted per project.

DCIM & rack PDU: DCIM monitoring and per-rack PDUs (列头柜/rack PDU) provide power metering and branch monitoring — quoted per project.

Tier & redundancy: Uptime Tier III requires N+1 minimum redundancy; you selected 2N. 2N → two independent power paths, each sized for 100% of the IT load (fault-tolerant).

UPS battery autonomy: 10 min runtime at full IT load ≈ 181 kWh battery (sized separately, quoted per project).

Rack density: 8 kW/rack → 125 racks. Within typical air-cooled range.

PUE warning: Computed PUE 1.68 exceeds the typical modern range (1.2–1.6) — consider more efficient cooling (liquid / close-coupled / free cooling) to cut energy cost.

Example 2 — 400 kW Data Center (N+1) · FOB $224,637

Data center power system · N+1 · 10kV/0.4kV · Tier II

630 kVA transformer

SCB13-630/10 · UPS 500 kVA ×2 · PUE 1.58

IT load

400 kW

Total facility

632 kW

UPS capacity

500 kVA ×2

PUE

1.58

Est. total (FOB)

POA

📦 Bill of Materials

Equipment	Model	Spec	Qty
HV incoming panel	KYN28A-12-630-315	630 A / 31.5 kA · vacuum	2
HV bus-tie panel	KYN28A-12-630-315	630 A / 31.5 kA · vacuum	1
Main transformer (each)	SCB13-630/10	630 kVA · Dry-Type · Copper · SCB13	2
LV incoming panel	GGD-1000	1000 A busbar · In 909 A	2
LV bus-tie panel	GGD-1000	1000 A busbar	1
LV feeder panel (×2)	GGD-1000	distributes 8 circuits	2
Cable branch box (LV)	DFW-0.4	1-in / 4-out · 0.4 kV · 630 A	1
Main feeder cable (TX→LV)	YJV 0.6/1kV 300 mm² ×2	2× 300 mm² Cu · ΔU 0.89% @ 60 m · $154.0/m	2
Feeder cable — IT feeder 1 (×8)	YJV 35 mm²	35 mm² Cu · 120 A · ΔU 2.0% · $17.6/m	8
Branch trunk cable (LV → branch box 1)	YJV 120 mm² ×2	2× 120 mm² Cu · 480 A · ΔU 1.2% · $68.8/m	2
Main busbar (Cu)	Cu 80×8	80×8 · 1400 A rating · ref $75.6/m	included
Grounding electrode	Φ20mm × 2.5m rod	R₁ 39.6 Ω → 13 rod(s) ≤ 4 Ω	13
Online double-conversion UPS module (1/2)	500 kVA / 450 kW	0.9 output PF · 92% efficiency · 10 min battery (72 kWh total)	1
Online double-conversion UPS module (2/2)	500 kVA / 450 kW	0.9 output PF · 92% efficiency · 10 min battery (72 kWh total)	1
UPS battery bank (VRLA / LiFePO4)	72 kWh	battery autonomy 10 min @ full IT load · $95/kWh	1
DCIM / monitoring system	DCIM platform	power & environmental monitoring, metering, alarms (POA — not included in estimate)	1
Rack PDU (end-of-row / column head cabinet)	rack PDU	per-rack power distribution + branch metering (POA — not included in estimate)	7

📐 Single-line diagram

⚙️ Electrical schematic (protection & metering)

⛳ Grounding grid layout

🔌 Cable schedule & routing

🗄 Switchgear arrangement

🛡 Protection configuration

📋 Protection settings

Circuit	Protection	Setting	Time	Standard
HV incoming 10 kV	50 instantaneous	291 A	inst	IEC 60255-151 / IEEE 242
HV incoming 10 kV	51 overcurrent	44 A	0.5 s	IEC 60255-151 / IEEE 242
HV incoming 10 kV	51N earth-fault	7 A	0.5 s	IEC 60364-4-41
Transformer 630 kVA	87 differential	7 A	inst	IEEE C37.91 / GB/T 14285
Transformer 630 kVA	49 thermal overload	95% of rated	alarm/trip	IEC 60076-7 / IEEE C57.91
LV incoming 0.4 kV	50 instantaneous	7275 A	inst	IEC 60947-2
LV incoming 0.4 kV	51 overcurrent	1091 A	0.3 s	IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
LV incoming 0.4 kV	51N earth-fault	182 A	0.3 s	IEC 60364-4-41
LV bus-tie	50/51 overcurrent	1091 A	0.3 s	IEC 60947-2
IT feeder 1	50/51/51N (MCCB)	Ir 132 A - Im 960 A - Ig 24 A	0.1 s (grading)	IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
IT feeder 2	50/51/51N (MCCB)	Ir 132 A - Im 960 A - Ig 24 A	0.1 s (grading)	IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
IT feeder 3	50/51/51N (MCCB)	Ir 132 A - Im 960 A - Ig 24 A	0.1 s (grading)	IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
IT feeder 4	50/51/51N (MCCB)	Ir 132 A - Im 960 A - Ig 24 A	0.1 s (grading)	IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
IT feeder 5	50/51/51N (MCCB)	Ir 132 A - Im 960 A - Ig 24 A	0.1 s (grading)	IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
IT feeder 6	50/51/51N (MCCB)	Ir 132 A - Im 960 A - Ig 24 A	0.1 s (grading)	IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
+2 more feeders	50/51/51N (MCCB)	per feeder load	0.1 s (grading)	IEC 60947-2

Settings are illustrative starting points — confirm with a protection coordination study per IEC 60255 / IEEE 242.

📚 Calculation book

CALCULATION BOOK

630 kVA - 10kV/0.4kV - N+1 - illustrative

1. Load calculation

Standard: IEC 60076 - IEC 60364-5-52

Parameter	Formula	Value
Connected load	P = sum(kW)	632 kW
Demand factor	Kd	0.9
Demand power	Pd = P x Kd	569 kW
Power factor	cos(phi) before -> after	0.95 -> 0.95
Design apparent power	Sd = Pd / cos(phi)	599 kVA
Transformer loading	Sd / Srated	95%

2. Short-circuit calculation

Standard: IEC 60909

Parameter	Formula	Value
System impedance (pu)	Zs = S / Ssc	0.13% (on 630 kVA base)
Transformer impedance	Zt = Z%	6%
Total impedance	Z = Zt + Zs	6.13%
LV prospective Isc	Isc = In / Z	14.8 kA
HV prospective Isc	Isc = Ssc / (sqrt(3) x V)	28.9 kA
Breaking check	Icu >= Isc	LV 25 kA (1.7x margin) PASS

3. Voltage drop

Standard: IEC 60364-5-52 Annex G

Parameter	Formula	Value
Main feeder	dU = sqrt(3) x I x L x R / V	300 mm2 - dU 0.89% @ 60 m
Limit	max 3%	within limit
Transformer volt. reg.	dU ~ loading x Z% x sin(phi)	1.8% at full load

4. Reactive power / harmonics

Standard: IEC 61921 (PFC) - IEEE 519 (harmonics)

Parameter	Formula	Value
Required compensation	Qc = Pd x (tan1 - tan2)	0 kvar
PFC bank	standard step	0 kvar
Detuned reactor	p = 6%	n/a

5. Grounding

Standard: IEC 60364-5-54 earthing arrangements and protective conductors LV earthing target 10 ohm (TN systems); 4 ohm used as a conservative design target - target 4 ohm

Parameter	Formula	Value
Single rod resistance	R1 = rho/(2 x pi x L) x ln(4L/d)	39.6 ohm
Rods required	n = R1 / (target x 0.8)	13 rod(s) <= 4 ohm
Rod spec	dia x length	20 mm x 2.5 m

This calculation book is illustrative it consolidates the computed values with the referenced standards. A licensed engineer must verify and seal final design documents for construction.

🔧 Secondary schematic (control & signal)

🔩 Terminal strip (typical)

🔋 UPS system

Parameter	Value
UPS module capacity	500 kVA (450 kW @ 0.9 PF)
Redundancy topology	N+1 → 2 module(s) across 1 path(s)
UPS efficiency basis	92% (online double-conversion)
Battery autonomy	10 min → ≈ 72 kWh

🌡️ PUE & efficiency

Parameter	Value
PUE (computed)	1.58 = total facility load ÷ IT load
Rack density	6 kW/rack → 67 racks
Reference range	1.2–1.6 typical; GB 50174 / Uptime Institute recommend monitoring and minimizing

📏 Standard basis (依据标准)

Topic	Standard
Standard basis	IEC · IEC 60364-5-52
Conductor ampacity	IEC 60364-5-52 Table B.52.2–B.52.5 (copper, 3 loaded conductors, 30°C ambient, PVC) — typical/rounded values, conservative (±3%)
Voltage-drop limit	IEC 60364-5-52 Annex G · max drop 3%
Winding temp rise	IEC 60076-11 — dry-type Class F 100 K rise
kVA ratings	IEC 60076-1 R10 preferred numbers
Breaker frames	IEC 60947-2 frame sizes (In)
Grounding target	IEC 60364-5-54 earthing arrangements and protective conductors — LV earthing target ≤ 10 Ω (TN systems); 4 Ω used as a conservative design target · target 4 Ω
Data center design	GB 50174 — data center design code (China) · TIA-942 · Uptime Institute Tier II
UPS (uninterruptible power)	IEC 62040 — UPS performance & test requirements
Electrical supply reliability	GB 50052 — code for design of electric power supply systems

🧮 How it was calculated

1. IT load = 400 kW (≈ 67 racks @ 6 kW/rack)

2. Cooling + auxiliary = 200 kW (cooling 50%) + 32 kW (aux 8%)

3. Total facility load P = 632 kW → PUE = P ÷ IT = 1.58

4. UPS capacity = IT ÷ (PF × η) = 400 ÷ (0.95 × 0.92) = 458 kVA → 500 kVA module

5. UPS battery = 400 kW × 10 min ÷ 60 ÷ 0.92 = 72 kWh autonomy

6. Tier Tier II requires N+1 minimum; selected N+1 → 2 UPS module(s) · 1 path(s)

7. Loads: P=632 kW, PF 0.95, 8 circuits

8. Demand: 632 × 0.9 = 569 kW

9. PFC: Qc = 569 × (0.329 − 0.329) = 0 kVAR → 0 kVAR bank

10. Transformer: S = 569 ÷ 0.95 = 598.7 kVA → 630 kVA standard

11. Loading: 599 ÷ 630 = 95% (high — consider next size)

12. Voltage regulation: 95% × 6% × sinφ ≈ 1.8% at full load

13. HV: In 36.4 A, Isc 28.9 kA → KYN28A-12-630-315

14. LV: In 909 A, Isc 14.8 kA (Xfmr Z 6% + system 0.1%) → GGD-1000, 2 feeder panel(s)

15. Cable branch boxes: 1 × DFW-0.4 (1-in/4-out) for feeder grouping

16. Grounding: R₁ 39.6 Ω → 13 rod(s)

17. Main feeder: 2× 300 mm² · ΔU 0.89% — OK

Summary
Estimated total (FOB Qingdao, EXW) — priced equipment				$224,637

📋 Design notes

Pricing basis: FOB Qingdao (EXW) equipment price. Freight, duty and installation are not included — add for landed economics.

Transformer loading: 95% at design demand — high, consider the next size up.

Short-circuit check: HV 28.9 kA vs 31.5 kA (1.1× margin) · LV 14.8 kA vs 25 kA (1.7× margin).

Voltage regulation: ≈ 1.8% at full load (typical limit 5%).

Copper price linkage: Copper-wound transformer price tracks LME copper (current $14,115/t · 2026-09-14 · LME Copper (Sina hf_CAD)).

Parallel conductors: Single-cable ampacity exceeded — parallel conductors specified: main feeder 2× 300 mm², branch trunk 1 2× 120 mm² (per IEC 60364-5-52 / GB 50054).

Busway (high-current feeders): For LV feeders above ~2500 A, a busway (母线槽) trunking system is recommended instead of parallel cables.

PUE estimate: Computed PUE 1.58 (typical modern data centers 1.2–1.6; actual depends on cooling technology and climate).

UPS pricing: Data-center UPS modules are quoted per project — the online catalogue covers 1–3 kVA units, so these are shown POA.

UPS battery bank: A 72 kWh battery bank provides 10 min autonomy at full IT load — sized separately and quoted per project.

DCIM & rack PDU: DCIM monitoring and per-rack PDUs (列头柜/rack PDU) provide power metering and branch monitoring — quoted per project.

Tier & redundancy: Uptime Tier II requires N+1 minimum redundancy; you selected N+1. N+1 → one spare module per system, single path (concurrent maintainability).

UPS battery autonomy: 10 min runtime at full IT load ≈ 72 kWh battery (sized separately, quoted per project).

Rack density: 6 kW/rack → 67 racks. Within typical air-cooled range.

Como foi calculado

Como funciona o dimensionamento

Carga total da instalação P = carga de TI + refrigeração (como % da TI) + auxiliar (~8%). Potência aparente da UPS S = TI ÷ (PF × η), com η ≈ 0,92 para unidades online de dupla conversão. O kVA do transformador é dimensionado no fator de potência alvo a partir da demanda total da instalação, e então a redundância (N / N+1 / 2N) determina o número de unidades em paralelo e caminhos de energia independentes. PUE = carga total da instalação ÷ carga de TI.

Normas aplicáveis

O dimensionamento segue GB 50174 (código de projeto de data center), TIA-942, classificações por tiers do Uptime Institute, IEC 62040 (UPS) e GB 50052 (projeto de alimentação de energia).

Perguntas frequentes

What is N+1 vs 2N redundancy in a data center power system?

N+1 provides one spare module beyond the minimum (e.g. 4 UPS modules when 3 are needed), surviving a single failure. 2N duplicates the entire power path into two independent feeds, each able to carry full load, giving fault tolerance for any single component. 2N roughly doubles capex; N+1 adds about 25-35%. Tier III often implies N+1, Tier IV implies 2N.

How do I size a data center UPS from IT load?

Start from IT load in kW, add cooling and mechanical loads (typically 50-70% of IT load), apply a 20-30% growth margin, then convert to kVA at 0.9-0.95 Power Factor. A 1000 kW IT load with 60% cooling becomes ~1600 kW, about 1700-1780 kVA, so select 2000 kVA of UPS. The calculator applies these steps and matches standard UPS ratings.

What PUE should a modern data center target?

PUE is total facility power divided by IT power. Legacy facilities run 1.6-1.8; modern air-cooled data centers achieve 1.3-1.4, and hyperscale facilities with free cooling reach 1.1-1.2. Every 0.1 PUE reduction cuts non-IT energy about 10%. TIA-942 and Uptime Institute guidance use PUE as a key efficiency metric; the calculator reports facility vs IT load split.

What is the standard voltage architecture for a data center?

Typical architecture: 10 kV (or 35 kV) utility feed -> MV Switchgear -> transformers to 0.4 kV -> UPS -> PDU -> rack. Medium to large facilities use 10/0.4 kV with dual MV feeds and 2N or N+1 topology. Rack density of 8-12 kW per rack is standard; high-density AI racks reach 30-100 kW and may use 48 V DC or liquid cooling.

How much battery runtime should the UPS provide?

Runtime is sized to bridge to generator start, typically 5-15 minutes (the calculator default is 10 minutes). Generators reach full load in 30-60 seconds, so longer battery only adds cost. For sites without generators, runtime extends to 30-60 minutes for graceful shutdown. The calculator sizes battery blocks from the chosen runtime and DoD.

What is the typical transformer sizing for a 1000 kW data center?

With IT load 1000 kW and cooling 60% plus UPS losses and margin, total demand reaches ~1800-2000 kW. At 0.95 pf that is ~1900-2100 kVA, so select two 1250 kVA transformers for N+1 (or 2x2000 kVA for 2N). MV/LV transformers are usually dry-type cast-resin SCB13/SCB14 with Class F insulation for fire safety.

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