QDTB® Трансформатор

Калькулятор системы электроснабжения нефтехимического предприятия

Проектирование высоконадёжной двухлучевой системы электроснабжения для НПЗ или химического завода — непрерывная технологическая нагрузка, резервирование N+1 / 2N, классификация взрывозащиты и фильтрация гармоник выпрямителей, с спецификацией и однолинейной схемой.

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Почему этот калькулятор

Предприятия с непрерывным технологическим процессом не допускают перерыва электроснабжения. Этот калькулятор выполняет расчёт двухлучевой высоконадёжной распределительной системы с резервированием, применяет классификацию взрывозащиты (Ex) по GB 50058 / IEC 60079 и подбирает расстроенную фильтрацию гармоник для выпрямительных нагрузок — всё, что нужно EPC-подрядчику для предварительного проектирования электроснабжения.

Worked Examples

Example 1 — 2 MW Continuous Process (N+1, Zone 2, Rectifier Harmonics) · FOB $381,695
Petrochemical power system · N+1 · Zone 2 · 10kV/0.4kV
2,000 kVA transformer
S13-M-2000/10 · process 2,000 kW · THDi 25%
Process load
2,000 kW
Redundancy
N+1
Ex zone
Zone 2
Harmonic filter
221 kvar
Est. total (FOB)
POA
📦 Bill of Materials
EquipmentModelSpecQty
HV incoming panelKYN28A-12-630-315630 A / 31.5 kA · vacuum2
HV bus-tie panelKYN28A-12-630-315630 A / 31.5 kA · vacuum1
Main transformer (each)S13-M-2000/102000 kVA · Oil-Immersed · Copper · S132
LV incoming panelGGD-31503150 A busbar · In 2887 A2
LV bus-tie panelGGD-31503150 A busbar1
LV feeder panel (×2)GGD-3150distributes 10 circuits2
Cable branch box (LV)DFW-0.41-in / 4-out · 0.4 kV · 630 A2
Busway trunking (LV main feeder)Busway 4000 A4000 A · Cu/Al busway · 80 m · $1329/m1
Feeder cable — Process feeder 1 (×10)YJV 150 mm²150 mm² Cu · 304 A · ΔU 1.6% · $86.0/m10
Branch trunk cable (LV → branch box 1)YJV 240 mm² ×33× 240 mm² Cu · 1215 A · ΔU 1.3% · $123.0/m3
Branch trunk cable (LV → branch box 2)YJV 150 mm² ×22× 150 mm² Cu · 608 A · ΔU 1.6% · $86.0/m2
Main busbar (Cu)Cu 125×10125×10 · 2500 A rating · ref $147.8/mincluded
Grounding electrodeΦ20mm × 2.5m rodR₁ 39.6 Ω → 13 rod(s) ≤ 4 Ω13
Detuned PFC capacitor bank221 kvarautomatic · 7% detuned · 0.4 kV1
Series detuning reactor (7%)15.5 kvar189 Hz tuning · below 5th harmonic1
Explosion-proof (Ex) distribution boardEx d Zone 2Flameproof enclosure · IEC 60079 · quoted per project (POA — not included in estimate)1
Ex-rated motor control center (MCC)Ex d Zone 2Ex motor starters + VFD for pumps/compressors · IEC 60079 (POA — not included in estimate)1
Emergency / standby diesel generator1000 kVAlife-safety / standby power · 600 kVA required1
📐 Single-line diagram
CTCT50/5150/5187differentialFeed AFeed BKYN28A-12-630-315KYN28A-12-630-315HV bus-tieS13-M-2000/102000 kVA - Z=4%S13-M-2000/102000 kVA - Z=4%LV bus-tie0.4 kV0.4 kVProcess feeder 1 - 304 AYJV 150 mm2Process feeder 2 - 304 AYJV 150 mm2Process feeder 3 - 304 AYJV 150 mm2Process feeder 4 - 304 AYJV 150 mm2Process feeder 5 - 304 AYJV 150 mm2Process feeder 6 - 304 AYJV 150 mm2Process feeder 7 - 304 AYJV 150 mm2Process feeder 8 - 304 AYJV 150 mm2Process feeder 9 - 304 AYJV 150 mm2Process feeder 10 - 304 AYJV 150 mm2Grounding 13xdia20mmx2.5m rod
LEGENDBreaker (52)DisconnectorCTCT (current transformer)PTPT (voltage transformer)50/51Protection relay 50/51/51N/87kWhMeter (kWh)SPD (surge protection)Transformer
⚙️ Electrical schematic (protection & metering)
ELECTRICAL SCHEMATIC - PROTECTION & METERING10 kV / 0.4 kV - 2000 kVA - secondary circuits (schematic)INCOMING 10 kVCT120/5Aprotection CT5250/5151N87overcurrent / earth-fault / diffPT10kV/100Vbus PT (voltage)TRANSFORMER2000 kVAZ = 4%kWhrevenue meteringLV 520.4 kV LV BUSSPDCT.../5AProcess feeder 1 - 304 A50/51CT.../5AProcess feeder 2 - 304 A50/51CT.../5AProcess feeder 3 - 304 A50/51CT.../5AProcess feeder 4 - 304 A50/51CT.../5AProcess feeder 5 - 304 A50/51CT.../5AProcess feeder 6 - 304 A50/51CT.../5AProcess feeder 7 - 304 A50/51CT.../5AProcess feeder 8 - 304 A50/51CT.../5AProcess feeder 9 - 304 A50/51CT.../5AProcess feeder 10 - 304 A50/51
⛳ Grounding grid layout
SUBSTATION GROUNDING GRID LAYOUTsite 12 m x 8 m - ring earth electrode (schematic)TRANSFORMERR1R2R3R4R5R6R7R8R9R10R11R12R1312 mGround rods: 13 x dia 20 mm x 2.5 m copper-bonded steelRod spacing: 5 m (= 2 x rod length, ring electrode)Target resistance: <= 4 ohm (measure after installation)Standard: IEEE 80 / GB-T 50065 (earthing design) - indicative layout
🔌 Cable schedule & routing
CABLE SCHEDULEIDFromToCable (model / spec)LengthC0TransformerLV panelYJV 0.6/1kV 240 mm2 (2887 A)80 mC1LV panelProcess feeder 1YJV 150 mm2 (304 A)80 mC2LV panelProcess feeder 2YJV 150 mm2 (304 A)80 mC3LV panelProcess feeder 3YJV 150 mm2 (304 A)80 mC4LV panelProcess feeder 4YJV 150 mm2 (304 A)80 mC5Branch boxProcess feeder 5YJV 150 mm280 mC6Branch boxProcess feeder 6YJV 150 mm280 mC7Branch boxProcess feeder 7YJV 150 mm280 mC8Branch boxProcess feeder 8YJV 150 mm280 mC9Branch boxProcess feeder 9YJV 150 mm280 mC10Branch boxProcess feeder 10YJV 150 mm280 mROUTING (schematic)LV PANELL1L2L3L4L5L6L7L8... +3 feedersCable lengths are indicative (run-length based); confirm on site before installation.
🗄 Switchgear arrangement
SWITCHGEAR ARRANGEMENTpanel lineup (front view, schematic)HV INCOMINGKYN28A-12-630-315HV BUS-TIEKYN28A-12-630-315LV INCOMINGGGD-3150LV BUS-TIEGGD-3150FEEDERGGD-3150FEEDERGGD-3150BRANCH BOXDFW-0.47 panel(s) - each 91 mm (typical)Clearance / aisle per IEC 61936-1 - layout indicative
🛡 Protection configuration
PROTECTION CONFIGURATION10 kV / 0.4 kV - 2000 kVA - protection zones (schematic)INCOMING 10 kVCTCT 150/5A505151Novercurrent / earth-fault52TRANSFORMER2000 kVA - Z=4%8749differential + thermalCTCT 3000/5A505151NLV incoming protection520.4 kV LV BUSCTCT 3000/5A50/51BUS-TIECTCT 400/5A50/5151NProcess feeder 1304 ACTCT 400/5A50/5151NProcess feeder 2304 ACTCT 400/5A50/5151NProcess feeder 3304 ACTCT 400/5A50/5151NProcess feeder 4304 ACTCT 400/5A50/5151NProcess feeder 5304 ACTCT 400/5A50/5151NProcess feeder 6304 ACTCT 400/5A50/5151NProcess feeder 7304 ACTCT 400/5A50/5151NProcess feeder 8304 ACTCT 400/5A50/5151NProcess feeder 9304 ACTCT 400/5A50/5151NProcess feeder 10304 AProtection layout & CT ratios are schematic / illustrative final settings per IEC 60255 / IEEE 242.
📋 Protection settings
CircuitProtectionSettingTimeStandard
HV incoming 10 kV50 instantaneous924 AinstIEC 60255-151 / IEEE 242
HV incoming 10 kV51 overcurrent139 A0.5 sIEC 60255-151 / IEEE 242
HV incoming 10 kV51N earth-fault23 A0.5 sIEC 60364-4-41
Transformer 2000 kVA87 differential23 AinstIEEE C37.91 / GB/T 14285
Transformer 2000 kVA49 thermal overload89% of ratedalarm 90%IEC 60076-7 / IEEE C57.91
LV incoming 0.4 kV50 instantaneous23094 AinstIEC 60947-2
LV incoming 0.4 kV51 overcurrent3464 A0.3 sIEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
LV incoming 0.4 kV51N earth-fault577 A0.3 sIEC 60364-4-41
LV bus-tie50/51 overcurrent3464 A0.3 sIEC 60947-2
Process feeder 150/51/51N (MCCB)Ir 334 A - Im 2431 A - Ig 61 A0.1 s (grading)IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
Process feeder 250/51/51N (MCCB)Ir 334 A - Im 2431 A - Ig 61 A0.1 s (grading)IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
Process feeder 350/51/51N (MCCB)Ir 334 A - Im 2431 A - Ig 61 A0.1 s (grading)IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
Process feeder 450/51/51N (MCCB)Ir 334 A - Im 2431 A - Ig 61 A0.1 s (grading)IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
Process feeder 550/51/51N (MCCB)Ir 334 A - Im 2431 A - Ig 61 A0.1 s (grading)IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
Process feeder 650/51/51N (MCCB)Ir 334 A - Im 2431 A - Ig 61 A0.1 s (grading)IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
+4 more feeders50/51/51N (MCCB)per feeder load0.1 s (grading)IEC 60947-2
Settings are illustrative starting points — confirm with a protection coordination study per IEC 60255 / IEEE 242.
📚 Calculation book
CALCULATION BOOK
2000 kVA - 10kV/0.4kV - N+1 - illustrative
1. Load calculation
Standard: IEC 60076 - IEC 60364-5-52
ParameterFormulaValue
Connected loadP = sum(kW)2,000 kW
Demand factorKd0.85
Demand powerPd = P x Kd1,700 kW
Power factorcos(phi) before -> after0.95 -> 0.95
Design apparent powerSd = Pd / cos(phi)1,789 kVA
Transformer loadingSd / Srated89%
2. Short-circuit calculation
Standard: IEC 60909
ParameterFormulaValue
System impedance (pu)Zs = S / Ssc0.40% (on 2000 kVA base)
Transformer impedanceZt = Z%4%
Total impedanceZ = Zt + Zs4.40%
LV prospective IscIsc = In / Z65.6 kA
HV prospective IscIsc = Ssc / (sqrt(3) x V)28.9 kA
Breaking checkIcu >= IscLV 80 kA (1.2x margin) PASS
3. Voltage drop
Standard: IEC 60364-5-52 Annex G
ParameterFormulaValue
Main feederdU = sqrt(3) x I x L x R / V240 mm2 - dU 1.34% @ 80 m
Limitmax 3%within limit
Transformer volt. reg.dU ~ loading x Z% x sin(phi)1.1% at full load
4. Reactive power / harmonics
Standard: IEC 61921 (PFC) - IEEE 519 (harmonics)
ParameterFormulaValue
Required compensationQc = Pd x (tan1 - tan2)0 kvar
PFC bankstandard step0 kvar
Detuned reactorp = 6%n/a
5. Grounding
Standard: IEC 60364-5-54 earthing arrangements and protective conductors LV earthing target 10 ohm (TN systems); 4 ohm used as a conservative design target - target 4 ohm
ParameterFormulaValue
Single rod resistanceR1 = rho/(2 x pi x L) x ln(4L/d)39.6 ohm
Rods requiredn = R1 / (target x 0.8)13 rod(s) <= 4 ohm
Rod specdia x length20 mm x 2.5 m
This calculation book is illustrative it consolidates the computed values with the referenced standards. A licensed engineer must verify and seal final design documents for construction.
🔧 Secondary schematic (control & signal)
SECONDARY CONTROL & SIGNAL CIRCUIT0.4 kV circuit breaker close/trip + indication + interlock (TYPICAL)+control supplyCS (close)interlock52Cclose coil-TC (trip)prot trip52Ttrip coilSIGNAL (indication)52a (closed)REDbreaker closed-TYPICAL CIRCUITStandard control/signal scheme for Process feeder 1.Project detailing required (wiring, terminal assignment).
🔩 Terminal strip (typical)
TERMINAL STRIP (TYPICAL)X1 secondary wiring terminals (typical project detailing required)TerminalFunctionWireX1:1control supply L+1.5 mm2X1:2control supply L-1.5 mm2X1:3close command1.5 mm2X1:4trip command1.5 mm2X1:5breaker 52a status1.5 mm2X1:6breaker 52b status1.5 mm2X1:7trip circuit healthy1.5 mm2X1:8earth / shield2.5 mm2
🌀 Rectifier harmonic mitigation
ParameterValue
Rectifier load400 kW · THDi 25%
Fundamental current770 A · harmonic current 192 A
Compensation221 kvar bank + 7% reactor (15.5 kvar)
Resonance check5th harmonic 250 Hz > 189 Hz → safe ✓
📏 Standard basis (依据标准)
TopicStandard
Standard basisIEC · IEC 60364-5-52
Conductor ampacityIEC 60364-5-52 Table B.52.2–B.52.5 (copper, 3 loaded conductors, 30°C ambient, PVC) — typical/rounded values, conservative (±3%)
Voltage-drop limitIEC 60364-5-52 Annex G · max drop 3%
Winding temp riseIEC 60076-2 — winding temp rise 65 K (Class A insulation, ONAN)
kVA ratingsIEC 60076-1 R10 preferred numbers
Breaker framesIEC 60947-2 frame sizes (In)
Grounding targetIEC 60364-5-54 earthing arrangements and protective conductors — LV earthing target ≤ 10 Ω (TN systems); 4 Ω used as a conservative design target · target 4 Ω
Power supply reliabilityGB 50052 — code for design of electric power supply systems (dual-source for critical loads)
Explosive atmospheresGB 50058 · IEC 60079 — electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres (Ex)
Power quality (harmonics)GB/T 14549 · IEC 61642 — harmonics in public/industrial networks & detuned filters
Power transformersIEC 60076 — power transformers
🧮 How it was calculated
1. Continuous process load = 2,000 kW (N-1 continuity)
2. Redundancy N+1 → 2 transformers + bus-tie (100% backup)
3. Rectifier harmonic source: 400 kW · THDi 25% → Ih = 770 × 25% = 192 A
4. Detuned filter: Qc = 400 × (tanφ₁ − tanφ₂) = 221 kvar · 7% reactor (f_res 189 Hz)
5. Resonance check: 5th harmonic 250 Hz above 189 Hz → detuned (safe)
6. Loads: P=2,000 kW, PF 0.95, 10 circuits
7. Demand: 2,000 × 0.85 = 1,700 kW
8. PFC: Qc = 1,700 × (0.329 − 0.329) = 0 kVAR → 0 kVAR bank
9. Transformer: S = 1,700 ÷ 0.95 = 1789.5 kVA → 2,000 kVA standard
10. Loading: 1,789 ÷ 2,000 = 89% (good range)
11. Voltage regulation: 89% × 4% × sinφ ≈ 1.1% at full load
12. HV: In 115.5 A, Isc 28.9 kA → KYN28A-12-630-315
13. LV: In 2887 A, Isc 65.6 kA (Xfmr Z 4% + system 0.4%) → GGD-3150, 2 feeder panel(s)
14. Cable branch boxes: 2 × DFW-0.4 (1-in/4-out) for feeder grouping
15. Grounding: R₁ 39.6 Ω → 13 rod(s)
16. Main feeder: 7× 240 mm² · ΔU 1.34% — OK · busway 4000 A
Summary
Estimated total (FOB Qingdao, EXW) — priced equipment$381,695
📋 Design notes
Pricing basis: FOB Qingdao (EXW) equipment price. Freight, duty and installation are not included — add for landed economics.
Transformer loading: 89% at design demand — good range.
Short-circuit check: HV 28.9 kA vs 31.5 kA (1.1× margin) · LV 65.6 kA vs 80 kA (1.2× margin).
Voltage regulation: ≈ 1.1% at full load (typical limit 5%).
Copper price linkage: Copper-wound transformer price tracks LME copper (current $14,115/t · 2026-09-14 · LME Copper (Sina hf_CAD)).
Parallel conductors: Single-cable ampacity exceeded — parallel conductors specified: main feeder 7× 240 mm², branch trunk 1 3× 240 mm², branch trunk 2 2× 150 mm² (per IEC 60364-5-52 / GB 50054).
Cable & grounding pricing: Cable conductors and grounding are priced from the confirmed cables-trays-grounding price reference (per-metre copper YJV; aluminium remains POA). The main copper busbar is POA — its length is project-specific.
Busway (high-current feeders): LV current 2887 A exceeds the 2500 A busbar limit — a 4000 A busway trunking system is specified instead of parallel cables.
Reliability: N+1 topology provides concurrent maintainability — required for continuous process plants.
Explosion protection: Zone classification Zone 2: switchgear and motors must be Ex-certified per GB 50058 / IEC 60079 (quoted per project).
Ex motors & VFD: Process pumps and compressors in Zone 2 need Ex-certified motors with VFD (or soft-start) control via an Ex-rated MCC — quoted per project.
Emergency / standby power: A standby diesel generator (≈600 kVA) covers critical process loads on loss of the normal supply — sized per project and the plant’s safety-instrumented-system (SIS) requirements.
Process loads: Continuous process load typically splits into compressors (~40%), pumps (~25%), heaters (~20%) and utilities/instrumentation (~15%) — adjust per your actual process list.
Harmonics: Rectifier load generates 25% THDi — a 7% detuned filter keeps the branch inductive at the 5th harmonic (safe).

Как это рассчитывалось

Как выполняется расчёт

Трансформатор подбирается по непрерывной технологической нагрузке при целевом коэффициенте мощности; резервирование N+1 / 2N определяет число параллельных трансформаторов и независимых путей. Ток гармоник выпрямителя Ih = I₁ × THDi; расстроенная конденсаторная батарея Qc = P × (tanφ₁ − tanφ₂) с последовательным реактором p% сохраняет индуктивный характер ветви ниже доминирующей гармоники.

Применимые стандарты

Справочные стандарты для расчёта: GB 50052 (проектирование электроснабжения), GB 50058 и IEC 60079 (взрывоопасные среды), GB/T 14549 и IEC 61642 (гармоники) и IEC 60076 (трансформаторы).

Часто задаваемые вопросы

What does Ex-proof / explosion-proof zoning mean for electrical equipment?

Hazardous areas are zoned by the likelihood of explosive gas (Zone 0/1/2 per IEC 60079) or dust (Zone 20/21/22). Electrical equipment in Zone 1/2 must carry Ex certification (e.g. Ex d, Ex e, Ex n) matched to the gas group and temperature class. Choosing the right Ex rating adds 20-50% to Switchgear cost; the calculator lets you select the zone and flags Ex-rated BOM.

Why do petrochemical plants need dual power supply?

Continuous process plants (refineries, ethylene, ammonia) cannot tolerate supply loss — a restart can take days and cost millions. They use dual independent feeds with automatic transfer (ATS) and N+1 or 2N redundancy for critical loads per GB 50052 load classification. The calculator models redundancy level and sizes the emergency/standby path accordingly.

How are rectifier harmonics managed in petrochemical plants?

Electrolyser and plating rectifiers inject 5th, 7th, 11th Harmonics. If total harmonic distortion exceeds IEEE 519 limits (5% THD at the PCC for most systems), a detuned capacitor bank (7% series Reactor) or an active harmonic filter (APF) is added. The calculator sizes compensation with a 7% detuning factor when THDi exceeds ~15-20%.

What transformer impedance is typical for petrochemical MV/LV units?

Distribution transformers in petrochemical plants usually have 6% impedance (uk) for LV networks, sometimes 8% for large motors to limit Fault Current. Higher impedance reduces short-circuit current but raises voltage regulation; 6% balances both for a 10/0.4 kV, 1000-2500 kVA unit. The calculator applies standard uk values when computing fault levels.

What load classification does GB 50052 define for continuous processes?

GB 50052 classifies loads into first, second and third class. Continuous petrochemical process units are first-class loads requiring two independent supplies; critical safety loads (emergency shutdown, fire pumps) are 'first-class important' loads needing an additional emergency source such as a diesel generator or EPS. The calculator's redundancy and emergency-power options map to these classes.

How is the process load demand factor set for a refinery?

Refinery process loads run near-continuously, so demand factor is high at 0.8-0.9 for main units, while utility and auxiliaries run 0.6-0.7. A 2000 kW connected process load with 0.85 demand and 0.95 pf needs about 1790 kVA, so select a 2000 kVA transformer. The calculator uses these factors to avoid both oversizing and undersizing.

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