Thiết kế hệ thống phân phối điện trung tâm dữ liệu chịu lỗi từ tải IT của bạn — tính toán máy biến áp và UPS, dự phòng N / N+1 / 2N, BOM và sơ đồ đơn tuyến, kèm kiểm tra PUE và ngắn mạch.
Trung tâm dữ liệu là loại phụ tải có giá trị cao nhất và dung sai thấp nhất trên thị trường điện. Máy tính này biến một con số duy nhất — tải IT tính bằng kW — thành một thiết kế phân phối điện hoàn chỉnh: tính toán máy biến áp khô, công suất UPS online double-conversion, cấu trúc dự phòng (N / N+1 / 2N) và bảng kê vật tư có giá, theo GB 50174, TIA-942 và phân hạng Uptime Institute.
Worked Examples
Example 1 — 1 MW Data Center (2N, Tier III) · FOB $557,571
Data center power system · 2N · 10kV/0.4kV · Tier III
power & environmental monitoring, metering, alarms (POA — not included in estimate)
1
Rack PDU (end-of-row / column head cabinet)
rack PDU
per-rack power distribution + branch metering (POA — not included in estimate)
13
📐 Single-line diagram
⚙️ Electrical schematic (protection & metering)
⛳ Grounding grid layout
🔌 Cable schedule & routing
🗄 Switchgear arrangement
🛡 Protection configuration
📋 Protection settings
Circuit
Protection
Setting
Time
Standard
HV incoming 10 kV
50 instantaneous
739 A
inst
IEC 60255-151 / IEEE 242
HV incoming 10 kV
51 overcurrent
111 A
0.5 s
IEC 60255-151 / IEEE 242
HV incoming 10 kV
51N earth-fault
18 A
0.5 s
IEC 60364-4-41
Transformer 1600 kVA
87 differential
18 A
inst
IEEE C37.91 / GB/T 14285
Transformer 1600 kVA
49 thermal overload
99% of rated
alarm/trip
IEC 60076-7 / IEEE C57.91
LV incoming 0.4 kV
50 instantaneous
18475 A
inst
IEC 60947-2
LV incoming 0.4 kV
51 overcurrent
2771 A
0.3 s
IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
LV incoming 0.4 kV
51N earth-fault
462 A
0.3 s
IEC 60364-4-41
LV bus-tie
50/51 overcurrent
2771 A
0.3 s
IEC 60947-2
IT feeder 1
50/51/51N (MCCB)
Ir 351 A - Im 2552 A - Ig 64 A
0.1 s (grading)
IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
IT feeder 2
50/51/51N (MCCB)
Ir 351 A - Im 2552 A - Ig 64 A
0.1 s (grading)
IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
IT feeder 3
50/51/51N (MCCB)
Ir 351 A - Im 2552 A - Ig 64 A
0.1 s (grading)
IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
IT feeder 4
50/51/51N (MCCB)
Ir 351 A - Im 2552 A - Ig 64 A
0.1 s (grading)
IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
IT feeder 5
50/51/51N (MCCB)
Ir 351 A - Im 2552 A - Ig 64 A
0.1 s (grading)
IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
IT feeder 6
50/51/51N (MCCB)
Ir 351 A - Im 2552 A - Ig 64 A
0.1 s (grading)
IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
+2 more feeders
50/51/51N (MCCB)
per feeder load
0.1 s (grading)
IEC 60947-2
Settings are illustrative starting points — confirm with a protection coordination study per IEC 60255 / IEEE 242.
📚 Calculation book
CALCULATION BOOK
1600 kVA - 10kV/0.4kV - N+1 - illustrative
1. Load calculation
Standard: IEC 60076 - IEC 60364-5-52
Parameter
Formula
Value
Connected load
P = sum(kW)
1,680 kW
Demand factor
Kd
0.9
Demand power
Pd = P x Kd
1,512 kW
Power factor
cos(phi) before -> after
0.95 -> 0.95
Design apparent power
Sd = Pd / cos(phi)
1,592 kVA
Transformer loading
Sd / Srated
99%
2. Short-circuit calculation
Standard: IEC 60909
Parameter
Formula
Value
System impedance (pu)
Zs = S / Ssc
0.32% (on 1600 kVA base)
Transformer impedance
Zt = Z%
6%
Total impedance
Z = Zt + Zs
6.32%
LV prospective Isc
Isc = In / Z
36.5 kA
HV prospective Isc
Isc = Ssc / (sqrt(3) x V)
28.9 kA
Breaking check
Icu >= Isc
LV 50 kA (1.4x margin) PASS
3. Voltage drop
Standard: IEC 60364-5-52 Annex G
Parameter
Formula
Value
Main feeder
dU = sqrt(3) x I x L x R / V
300 mm2 - dU 0.90% @ 60 m
Limit
max 3%
within limit
Transformer volt. reg.
dU ~ loading x Z% x sin(phi)
1.9% at full load
4. Reactive power / harmonics
Standard: IEC 61921 (PFC) - IEEE 519 (harmonics)
Parameter
Formula
Value
Required compensation
Qc = Pd x (tan1 - tan2)
0 kvar
PFC bank
standard step
0 kvar
Detuned reactor
p = 6%
n/a
5. Grounding
Standard: IEC 60364-5-54 earthing arrangements and protective conductors LV earthing target 10 ohm (TN systems); 4 ohm used as a conservative design target - target 4 ohm
Parameter
Formula
Value
Single rod resistance
R1 = rho/(2 x pi x L) x ln(4L/d)
39.6 ohm
Rods required
n = R1 / (target x 0.8)
13 rod(s) <= 4 ohm
Rod spec
dia x length
20 mm x 2.5 m
This calculation book is illustrative it consolidates the computed values with the referenced standards. A licensed engineer must verify and seal final design documents for construction.
🔧 Secondary schematic (control & signal)
🔩 Terminal strip (typical)
🔋 UPS system
Parameter
Value
UPS module capacity
1250 kVA (1125 kW @ 0.9 PF)
Redundancy topology
2N → 2 module(s) across 2 path(s)
UPS efficiency basis
92% (online double-conversion)
Battery autonomy
10 min → ≈ 181 kWh
🌡️ PUE & efficiency
Parameter
Value
PUE (computed)
1.68 = total facility load ÷ IT load
Rack density
8 kW/rack → 125 racks
Reference range
1.2–1.6 typical; GB 50174 / Uptime Institute recommend monitoring and minimizing
Cable & grounding pricing:Cable conductors and grounding are priced from the confirmed cables-trays-grounding price reference (per-metre copper YJV; aluminium remains POA). The main copper busbar is POA — its length is project-specific.
Busway (high-current feeders):For LV feeders above ~2500 A, a busway (母线槽) trunking system is recommended instead of parallel cables.
PUE estimate:Computed PUE 1.68 (typical modern data centers 1.2–1.6; actual depends on cooling technology and climate).
UPS pricing:Data-center UPS modules are quoted per project — the online catalogue covers 1–3 kVA units, so these are shown POA.
UPS battery bank:A 181 kWh battery bank provides 10 min autonomy at full IT load — sized separately and quoted per project.
DCIM & rack PDU:DCIM monitoring and per-rack PDUs (列头柜/rack PDU) provide power metering and branch monitoring — quoted per project.
Tier & redundancy:Uptime Tier III requires N+1 minimum redundancy; you selected 2N. 2N → two independent power paths, each sized for 100% of the IT load (fault-tolerant).
UPS battery autonomy:10 min runtime at full IT load ≈ 181 kWh battery (sized separately, quoted per project).
Rack density:8 kW/rack → 125 racks. Within typical air-cooled range.
PUE warning:Computed PUE 1.68 exceeds the typical modern range (1.2–1.6) — consider more efficient cooling (liquid / close-coupled / free cooling) to cut energy cost.
Example 2 — 400 kW Data Center (N+1) · FOB $224,637
Data center power system · N+1 · 10kV/0.4kV · Tier II
power & environmental monitoring, metering, alarms (POA — not included in estimate)
1
Rack PDU (end-of-row / column head cabinet)
rack PDU
per-rack power distribution + branch metering (POA — not included in estimate)
7
📐 Single-line diagram
⚙️ Electrical schematic (protection & metering)
⛳ Grounding grid layout
🔌 Cable schedule & routing
🗄 Switchgear arrangement
🛡 Protection configuration
📋 Protection settings
Circuit
Protection
Setting
Time
Standard
HV incoming 10 kV
50 instantaneous
291 A
inst
IEC 60255-151 / IEEE 242
HV incoming 10 kV
51 overcurrent
44 A
0.5 s
IEC 60255-151 / IEEE 242
HV incoming 10 kV
51N earth-fault
7 A
0.5 s
IEC 60364-4-41
Transformer 630 kVA
87 differential
7 A
inst
IEEE C37.91 / GB/T 14285
Transformer 630 kVA
49 thermal overload
95% of rated
alarm/trip
IEC 60076-7 / IEEE C57.91
LV incoming 0.4 kV
50 instantaneous
7275 A
inst
IEC 60947-2
LV incoming 0.4 kV
51 overcurrent
1091 A
0.3 s
IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
LV incoming 0.4 kV
51N earth-fault
182 A
0.3 s
IEC 60364-4-41
LV bus-tie
50/51 overcurrent
1091 A
0.3 s
IEC 60947-2
IT feeder 1
50/51/51N (MCCB)
Ir 132 A - Im 960 A - Ig 24 A
0.1 s (grading)
IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
IT feeder 2
50/51/51N (MCCB)
Ir 132 A - Im 960 A - Ig 24 A
0.1 s (grading)
IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
IT feeder 3
50/51/51N (MCCB)
Ir 132 A - Im 960 A - Ig 24 A
0.1 s (grading)
IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
IT feeder 4
50/51/51N (MCCB)
Ir 132 A - Im 960 A - Ig 24 A
0.1 s (grading)
IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
IT feeder 5
50/51/51N (MCCB)
Ir 132 A - Im 960 A - Ig 24 A
0.1 s (grading)
IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
IT feeder 6
50/51/51N (MCCB)
Ir 132 A - Im 960 A - Ig 24 A
0.1 s (grading)
IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
+2 more feeders
50/51/51N (MCCB)
per feeder load
0.1 s (grading)
IEC 60947-2
Settings are illustrative starting points — confirm with a protection coordination study per IEC 60255 / IEEE 242.
📚 Calculation book
CALCULATION BOOK
630 kVA - 10kV/0.4kV - N+1 - illustrative
1. Load calculation
Standard: IEC 60076 - IEC 60364-5-52
Parameter
Formula
Value
Connected load
P = sum(kW)
632 kW
Demand factor
Kd
0.9
Demand power
Pd = P x Kd
569 kW
Power factor
cos(phi) before -> after
0.95 -> 0.95
Design apparent power
Sd = Pd / cos(phi)
599 kVA
Transformer loading
Sd / Srated
95%
2. Short-circuit calculation
Standard: IEC 60909
Parameter
Formula
Value
System impedance (pu)
Zs = S / Ssc
0.13% (on 630 kVA base)
Transformer impedance
Zt = Z%
6%
Total impedance
Z = Zt + Zs
6.13%
LV prospective Isc
Isc = In / Z
14.8 kA
HV prospective Isc
Isc = Ssc / (sqrt(3) x V)
28.9 kA
Breaking check
Icu >= Isc
LV 25 kA (1.7x margin) PASS
3. Voltage drop
Standard: IEC 60364-5-52 Annex G
Parameter
Formula
Value
Main feeder
dU = sqrt(3) x I x L x R / V
300 mm2 - dU 0.89% @ 60 m
Limit
max 3%
within limit
Transformer volt. reg.
dU ~ loading x Z% x sin(phi)
1.8% at full load
4. Reactive power / harmonics
Standard: IEC 61921 (PFC) - IEEE 519 (harmonics)
Parameter
Formula
Value
Required compensation
Qc = Pd x (tan1 - tan2)
0 kvar
PFC bank
standard step
0 kvar
Detuned reactor
p = 6%
n/a
5. Grounding
Standard: IEC 60364-5-54 earthing arrangements and protective conductors LV earthing target 10 ohm (TN systems); 4 ohm used as a conservative design target - target 4 ohm
Parameter
Formula
Value
Single rod resistance
R1 = rho/(2 x pi x L) x ln(4L/d)
39.6 ohm
Rods required
n = R1 / (target x 0.8)
13 rod(s) <= 4 ohm
Rod spec
dia x length
20 mm x 2.5 m
This calculation book is illustrative it consolidates the computed values with the referenced standards. A licensed engineer must verify and seal final design documents for construction.
🔧 Secondary schematic (control & signal)
🔩 Terminal strip (typical)
🔋 UPS system
Parameter
Value
UPS module capacity
500 kVA (450 kW @ 0.9 PF)
Redundancy topology
N+1 → 2 module(s) across 1 path(s)
UPS efficiency basis
92% (online double-conversion)
Battery autonomy
10 min → ≈ 72 kWh
🌡️ PUE & efficiency
Parameter
Value
PUE (computed)
1.58 = total facility load ÷ IT load
Rack density
6 kW/rack → 67 racks
Reference range
1.2–1.6 typical; GB 50174 / Uptime Institute recommend monitoring and minimizing
Cable & grounding pricing:Cable conductors and grounding are priced from the confirmed cables-trays-grounding price reference (per-metre copper YJV; aluminium remains POA). The main copper busbar is POA — its length is project-specific.
Busway (high-current feeders):For LV feeders above ~2500 A, a busway (母线槽) trunking system is recommended instead of parallel cables.
PUE estimate:Computed PUE 1.58 (typical modern data centers 1.2–1.6; actual depends on cooling technology and climate).
UPS pricing:Data-center UPS modules are quoted per project — the online catalogue covers 1–3 kVA units, so these are shown POA.
UPS battery bank:A 72 kWh battery bank provides 10 min autonomy at full IT load — sized separately and quoted per project.
DCIM & rack PDU:DCIM monitoring and per-rack PDUs (列头柜/rack PDU) provide power metering and branch monitoring — quoted per project.
Tier & redundancy:Uptime Tier II requires N+1 minimum redundancy; you selected N+1. N+1 → one spare module per system, single path (concurrent maintainability).
UPS battery autonomy:10 min runtime at full IT load ≈ 72 kWh battery (sized separately, quoted per project).
Rack density:6 kW/rack → 67 racks. Within typical air-cooled range.
Cách tính toán
Cách tính toán hoạt động
Tổng phụ tải cơ sở P = tải IT + làm mát (% của IT) + phụ trợ (~8%). Công suất biểu kiến UPS S = IT ÷ (PF × η), với η ≈ 0,92 cho thiết bị online double-conversion. kVA máy biến áp được tính theo hệ số công suất mục tiêu từ tổng nhu cầu cơ sở, sau đó mức dự phòng (N / N+1 / 2N) quyết định số lượng thiết bị song song và số tuyến điện độc lập. PUE = tổng phụ tải cơ sở ÷ tải IT.
Tiêu chuẩn áp dụng
Việc tính toán tuân theo GB 50174 (quy chuẩn thiết kế trung tâm dữ liệu), TIA-942, phân hạng tier của Uptime Institute, IEC 62040 (UPS) và GB 50052 (thiết kế cấp điện).
Câu hỏi thường gặp
What is N+1 vs 2N redundancy in a data center power system?
N+1 provides one spare module beyond the minimum (e.g. 4 UPS modules when 3 are needed), surviving a single failure. 2N duplicates the entire power path into two independent feeds, each able to carry full load, giving fault tolerance for any single component. 2N roughly doubles capex; N+1 adds about 25-35%. Tier III often implies N+1, Tier IV implies 2N.
How do I size a data center UPS from IT load?
Start from IT load in kW, add cooling and mechanical loads (typically 50-70% of IT load), apply a 20-30% growth margin, then convert to kVA at 0.9-0.95 Power Factor. A 1000 kW IT load with 60% cooling becomes ~1600 kW, about 1700-1780 kVA, so select 2000 kVA of UPS. The calculator applies these steps and matches standard UPS ratings.
What PUE should a modern data center target?
PUE is total facility power divided by IT power. Legacy facilities run 1.6-1.8; modern air-cooled data centers achieve 1.3-1.4, and hyperscale facilities with free cooling reach 1.1-1.2. Every 0.1 PUE reduction cuts non-IT energy about 10%. TIA-942 and Uptime Institute guidance use PUE as a key efficiency metric; the calculator reports facility vs IT load split.
What is the standard voltage architecture for a data center?
Typical architecture: 10 kV (or 35 kV) utility feed -> MV Switchgear -> transformers to 0.4 kV -> UPS -> PDU -> rack. Medium to large facilities use 10/0.4 kV with dual MV feeds and 2N or N+1 topology. Rack density of 8-12 kW per rack is standard; high-density AI racks reach 30-100 kW and may use 48 V DC or liquid cooling.
How much battery runtime should the UPS provide?
Runtime is sized to bridge to generator start, typically 5-15 minutes (the calculator default is 10 minutes). Generators reach full load in 30-60 seconds, so longer battery only adds cost. For sites without generators, runtime extends to 30-60 minutes for graceful shutdown. The calculator sizes battery blocks from the chosen runtime and DoD.
What is the typical transformer sizing for a 1000 kW data center?
With IT load 1000 kW and cooling 60% plus UPS losses and margin, total demand reaches ~1800-2000 kW. At 0.95 pf that is ~1900-2100 kVA, so select two 1250 kVA transformers for N+1 (or 2x2000 kVA for 2N). MV/LV transformers are usually dry-type cast-resin SCB13/SCB14 with Class F insulation for fire safety.
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