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Máy tính Hệ thống Điện Khu Công nghiệp

Tính toán phân phối điện cho nhà máy hoặc khu công nghiệp — tổng tải thiết bị, hệ số nhu cầu, tỷ lệ động cơ và tỷ lệ nguồn sóng hài, với lựa chọn máy biến áp và tủ đóng cắt, bù công suất phản kháng và BOM.

Bắt đầu tính toán Giải pháp Sản xuất Công nghiệp

Tại sao dùng máy tính này

Các nhà máy công nghiệp kết hợp tải động cơ, gia nhiệt và điện tử với hệ số công suất tự nhiên dưới 0,9 và sóng hài đáng kể. Máy tính này chuyển đổi tải thiết bị kết nối thành gói máy biến áp và tủ đóng cắt được tính toán, với bù công suất phản kháng và lọc sóng hài theo GB 50052 và GB 50055.

Worked Examples

Example 1 — 2 MW Factory Load (Demand Factor, Motor & Harmonic Share) · FOB $257,923

Industrial park power system · 10kV/0.4kV

1,600 kVA transformer

S13-M-1600/10 · demand 1,200 kW · PF 0.95

Connected load

2,000 kW

Demand (Kd 0.6)

1,200 kW

Motor share

60%

Reactive comp.

443 kvar

Est. total (FOB)

POA

📦 Bill of Materials

Equipment	Model	Spec	Qty
HV incoming panel	KYN28A-12-630-315	630 A / 31.5 kA · vacuum	1
Main transformer	S13-M-1600/10	1600 kVA · Oil-Immersed · Copper · S13	1
LV incoming panel	GGD-2500	2500 A busbar · In 2309 A	1
LV feeder panel (×2)	GGD-2500	distributes 8 circuits	2
Cable branch box (LV)	DFW-0.4	1-in / 4-out · 0.4 kV · 630 A	1
Main feeder cable (TX→LV)	YJV 0.6/1kV 300 mm² ×5	5× 300 mm² Cu · ΔU 1.20% @ 80 m · $154.0/m	5
Feeder cable — Plant feeder 1 (×8)	YJV 300 mm²	300 mm² Cu · 440 A · ΔU 1.1% · $154.0/m	8
Branch trunk cable (LV → branch box 1)	YJV 300 mm² ×4	4× 300 mm² Cu · 1760 A · ΔU 1.1% · $154.0/m	4
Main busbar (Cu)	Cu 125×10	125×10 · 2500 A rating · ref $147.8/m	included
Grounding electrode	Φ20mm × 2.5m rod	R₁ 39.6 Ω → 13 rod(s) ≤ 4 Ω	13
Detuned PFC capacitor bank	443 kvar	automatic · 7% detuned · 0.4 kV	1
Series detuning reactor (7%)	31.0 kvar	189 Hz tuning · below 5th harmonic	1

📐 Single-line diagram

⚙️ Electrical schematic (protection & metering)

⛳ Grounding grid layout

🔌 Cable schedule & routing

🗄 Switchgear arrangement

🛡 Protection configuration

📋 Protection settings

Circuit	Protection	Setting	Time	Standard
HV incoming 10 kV	50 instantaneous	739 A	inst	IEC 60255-151 / IEEE 242
HV incoming 10 kV	51 overcurrent	111 A	0.5 s	IEC 60255-151 / IEEE 242
HV incoming 10 kV	51N earth-fault	18 A	0.5 s	IEC 60364-4-41
Transformer 1600 kVA	49 thermal overload	79% of rated	alarm 90%	IEC 60076-7 / IEEE C57.91
LV incoming 0.4 kV	50 instantaneous	18475 A	inst	IEC 60947-2
LV incoming 0.4 kV	51 overcurrent	2771 A	0.3 s	IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
LV incoming 0.4 kV	51N earth-fault	462 A	0.3 s	IEC 60364-4-41
Plant feeder 1	50/51/51N (MCCB)	Ir 484 A - Im 3520 A - Ig 88 A	0.1 s (grading)	IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
Plant feeder 2	50/51/51N (MCCB)	Ir 484 A - Im 3520 A - Ig 88 A	0.1 s (grading)	IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
Plant feeder 3	50/51/51N (MCCB)	Ir 484 A - Im 3520 A - Ig 88 A	0.1 s (grading)	IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
Plant feeder 4	50/51/51N (MCCB)	Ir 484 A - Im 3520 A - Ig 88 A	0.1 s (grading)	IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
Plant feeder 5	50/51/51N (MCCB)	Ir 484 A - Im 3520 A - Ig 88 A	0.1 s (grading)	IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
Plant feeder 6	50/51/51N (MCCB)	Ir 484 A - Im 3520 A - Ig 88 A	0.1 s (grading)	IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
+2 more feeders	50/51/51N (MCCB)	per feeder load	0.1 s (grading)	IEC 60947-2

Settings are illustrative starting points — confirm with a protection coordination study per IEC 60255 / IEEE 242.

📚 Calculation book

CALCULATION BOOK

1600 kVA - 10kV/0.4kV - single - illustrative

1. Load calculation

Standard: IEC 60076 - IEC 60364-5-52

Parameter	Formula	Value
Connected load	P = sum(kW)	2,000 kW
Demand factor	Kd	0.6
Demand power	Pd = P x Kd	1,200 kW
Power factor	cos(phi) before -> after	0.82 -> 0.95
Design apparent power	Sd = Pd / cos(phi)	1,263 kVA
Transformer loading	Sd / Srated	79%

2. Short-circuit calculation

Standard: IEC 60909

Parameter	Formula	Value
System impedance (pu)	Zs = S / Ssc	0.32% (on 1600 kVA base)
Transformer impedance	Zt = Z%	4%
Total impedance	Z = Zt + Zs	4.32%
LV prospective Isc	Isc = In / Z	53.5 kA
HV prospective Isc	Isc = Ssc / (sqrt(3) x V)	28.9 kA
Breaking check	Icu >= Isc	LV 65 kA (1.2x margin) PASS

3. Voltage drop

Standard: IEC 60364-5-52 Annex G

Parameter	Formula	Value
Main feeder	dU = sqrt(3) x I x L x R / V	300 mm2 - dU 1.20% @ 80 m
Limit	max 3%	within limit
Transformer volt. reg.	dU ~ loading x Z% x sin(phi)	1.0% at full load

4. Reactive power / harmonics

Standard: IEC 61921 (PFC) - IEEE 519 (harmonics)

Parameter	Formula	Value
Required compensation	Qc = Pd x (tan1 - tan2)	0 kvar
PFC bank	standard step	0 kvar
Detuned reactor	p = 6%	n/a

5. Grounding

Standard: IEC 60364-5-54 earthing arrangements and protective conductors LV earthing target 10 ohm (TN systems); 4 ohm used as a conservative design target - target 4 ohm

Parameter	Formula	Value
Single rod resistance	R1 = rho/(2 x pi x L) x ln(4L/d)	39.6 ohm
Rods required	n = R1 / (target x 0.8)	13 rod(s) <= 4 ohm
Rod spec	dia x length	20 mm x 2.5 m

This calculation book is illustrative it consolidates the computed values with the referenced standards. A licensed engineer must verify and seal final design documents for construction.

🔧 Secondary schematic (control & signal)

🔩 Terminal strip (typical)

🏭 Load profile

Parameter	Value
Connected load	2,000 kW
Demand factor	0.6 → demand 1,200 kW
Motor share	60% (720 kW)
Harmonic-source share	25% (300 kW)

🌀 Power quality

Parameter	Value
Reactive compensation	443 kvar detuned bank (7% reactor)
Harmonic current	Ih 137 A @ 30% THDi
APF required	No — below 30% threshold

📏 Standard basis (依据标准)

Topic	Standard
Standard basis	IEC · IEC 60364-5-52
Conductor ampacity	IEC 60364-5-52 Table B.52.2–B.52.5 (copper, 3 loaded conductors, 30°C ambient, PVC) — typical/rounded values, conservative (±3%)
Voltage-drop limit	IEC 60364-5-52 Annex G · max drop 3%
Winding temp rise	IEC 60076-2 — winding temp rise 65 K (Class A insulation, ONAN)
kVA ratings	IEC 60076-1 R10 preferred numbers
Breaker frames	IEC 60947-2 frame sizes (In)
Grounding target	IEC 60364-5-54 earthing arrangements and protective conductors — LV earthing target ≤ 10 Ω (TN systems); 4 Ω used as a conservative design target · target 4 Ω
Power supply design	GB 50052 — code for design of electric power supply systems
Low-voltage distribution	GB 50055 — code for design of electric equipment for industrial facilities
Harmonics	GB/T 14549 — quality of electric energy supply: harmonics in public supply network
Transformers	IEC 60076 — power transformers

🧮 How it was calculated

1. Connected equipment load = 2,000 kW

2. Demand = 2,000 × 0.6 = 1,200 kW

3. Motor share = 60% → 720 kW (drives natural PF 0.82)

4. Reactive compensation: Qc = 1,200 × (tanφ₁ − tanφ₂) = 443 kvar

5. Harmonic-source share = 25% → 300 kW → Ih = 137 A (30% THDi)

6. Loads: P=2,000 kW, PF 0.82, 8 circuits

7. Demand: 2,000 × 0.6 = 1,200 kW

8. Transformer: S = 1,200 ÷ 0.95 = 1263.2 kVA → 1,600 kVA standard

9. Loading: 1,263 ÷ 1,600 = 79% (good range)

10. Voltage regulation: 79% × 4% × sinφ ≈ 1.0% at full load

11. HV: In 92.4 A, Isc 28.9 kA → KYN28A-12-630-315

12. LV: In 2309 A, Isc 53.5 kA (Xfmr Z 4% + system 0.3%) → GGD-2500, 2 feeder panel(s)

13. Cable branch boxes: 1 × DFW-0.4 (1-in/4-out) for feeder grouping

14. Grounding: R₁ 39.6 Ω → 13 rod(s)

15. Main feeder: 5× 300 mm² · ΔU 1.20% — OK

Summary
Estimated total (FOB Qingdao, EXW) — priced equipment				$257,923

📋 Design notes

Pricing basis: FOB Qingdao (EXW) equipment price. Freight, duty and installation are not included — add for landed economics.

Transformer loading: 79% at design demand — good range.

Short-circuit check: HV 28.9 kA vs 31.5 kA (1.1× margin) · LV 53.5 kA vs 65 kA (1.2× margin).

Voltage regulation: ≈ 1.0% at full load (typical limit 5%).

Copper price linkage: Copper-wound transformer price tracks LME copper (current $14,219/t · 2026-09-12 · LME Copper (Sina hf_CAD)).

Parallel conductors: Single-cable ampacity exceeded — parallel conductors specified: main feeder 5× 300 mm², branch trunk 1 4× 300 mm² (per IEC 60364-5-52 / GB 50054).

Cable & grounding pricing: Cable conductors and grounding are priced from the confirmed cables-trays-grounding price reference (per-metre copper YJV; aluminium remains POA). The main copper busbar is POA — its length is project-specific.

Busway (high-current feeders): For LV feeders above ~2500 A, a busway (母线槽) trunking system is recommended instead of parallel cables.

Demand factor: 0.6 demand factor avoids oversizing — not all plant equipment runs simultaneously at full load.

Motor & harmonic load: 60% motor load (natural PF 0.82); 25% harmonic-source load (detuned PFC is sufficient.)

Zone / plant metering: For multi-tenant parks, per-zone / per-plant revenue-grade metering (分区分厂计量) at the LV feeder enables sub-billing and energy accountability — quoted per project.

Harmonic sources: Typical harmonic sources: VFD drives (THDi ~30%), rectifiers / electroplating (~25–35%), UPS (~10–20%), welding machines and LED lighting. The 25% share is applied as an aggregate — a detailed equipment list refines APF sizing.

Transformer loading: Transformer sized at the target PF 0.95; final capacity must be confirmed against the actual equipment schedule.

Cách tính toán

Cách tính toán hoạt động

Công suất nhu cầu P = tải kết nối × hệ số nhu cầu Kd (không phải tất cả thiết bị chạy đồng thời). Tỷ lệ động cơ quyết định hệ số công suất tự nhiên; bù công suất phản kháng Qc = P × (tanφ₁ − tanφ₂) hiệu chỉnh về PF mục tiêu. Tỷ lệ nguồn sóng hài cho dòng sóng hài Ih = I₁ × THDi, được lọc bởi bộ tụ điện giải điều chỉnh.

Tiêu chuẩn áp dụng

Tính toán tham chiếu GB 50052 (thiết kế cung cấp điện), GB 50055 (thiết kế phân phối hạ áp công nghiệp), GB/T 14549 (sóng hài) và IEC 60076 (máy biến áp).

Câu hỏi thường gặp

What demand factor applies to an industrial park?

An industrial park with many factories never runs every machine simultaneously; a demand factor of 0.55-0.7 is typical. A 2000 kW connected load at 0.6 kd and 0.9 pf gives ~1330 kVA demand, so a 1600 kVA Transformer or two 800 kVA units suit. The calculator uses demand factor and motor share to size the MV/LV plant.

How much harmonic filtering does a factory-heavy park need?

When 60% of load is motors on VFDs and 25% is non-linear (rectifiers, UPS), THDi can reach 15-25%. IEEE 519 limits THD to 5-8% at the point of common coupling, so a detuned capacitor bank (7% Reactor) or APF is required. The calculator sizes compensation and detuning from the harmonic share.

What is the standard MV/LV architecture for an industrial park?

Typical architecture: 10 kV (or 35 kV) utility feed -> ring or radial MV Switchgear -> one transformer per factory or block -> 0.4 kV switchboards -> motor control centers. A 10 kV ring with RMUs along the ring offers N-1 supply. The calculator sizes the transformers, switchgear and compensation for the aggregated park load.

How do I allocate transformer capacity per factory?

Give each factory its own transformer sized to its demand plus 20-25% headroom, or share one large transformer for small tenants. Separate transformers isolate faults and simplify metering, but shared units cost less. The calculator aggregates the park demand and shows the single-transformer and split-transformer options.

What power factor should an industrial park maintain?

Utilities usually require 0.9-0.95 Power Factor and levy penalties below ~0.9. Industrial parks with motor-heavy load typically start at 0.75-0.85 and add capacitor banks to reach 0.95. The calculator computes the required kvar compensation to correct from measured pf to target and sizes the LV capacitor bank.

What redundancy does a park MV network usually provide?

A ring-main MV network with normally-open tie provides N-1 redundancy: any cable or RMU fault is isolated and load restored from the other direction. Radial feeders are cheaper but lose supply on a fault. The calculator's architecture notes cover ring vs radial options and their reliability trade-off.

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Máy tính liên quan

SelectionMáy tính tải & nhu cầu VerificationCông cụ tính hệ số công suất VerificationMáy tính Sóng hài & Bộ lọc giải điều hưởng (PFC)SelectionCông cụ chọn máy biến áp

Kết quả là ước tính kỹ thuật để tham khảo. Thiết kế cuối cùng phải được xác nhận bởi kỹ sư địa phương có giấy phép dựa trên điều kiện thực tế và quy chuẩn áp dụng. Giá là FOB Qingdao (EXW) và không bao gồm vận chuyển, thuế hoặc lắp đặt.

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