Est. total (FOB)
$50,364
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计算器
配置器 · 四步搭建完整供电系统，在线报价
变压器选型计算器
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工作原理
输入连接负载、电压等级和少量现场参数。计算器会应用需用系数，按标准 kVA 容量选型变压器，选择 HV/LV 开关柜，并校验短路和电压降限值——然后对设备进行报价。
Worked Examples
Example 1 — 500 kW Industrial Distribution System · FOB $50,364
Distribution system · iec standard
500 kVA transformer
S13-M-500/10
📦 Bill of Materials (example)
| Equipment | Model | Spec | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| HV incoming panel | KYN28A-12-630-315 | 630 A / 31.5 kA · vacuum | 1 |
| Main transformer | S13-M-500/10 | 500 kVA · Oil-Immersed · Copper · S13 | 1 |
| LV incoming panel | GGD-1000 | 1000 A busbar · In 722 A | 1 |
| LV feeder panel | GGD-1000 | distributes 4 circuits | 1 |
| PFC capacitor bank | 150 kVAR | automatic · GCK LV cabinet | 1 |
| Series reactor (detuned) | CKSG-9.0/0.4 | 9.0 kVAR · 6% · 0.4 kV | 1 |
| Main feeder cable (TX→LV) | YJV 0.6/1kV 240 mm² ×2 | 2× 240 mm² Cu · ΔU 0.88% @ 60 m · $123.0/m | 2 |
| Feeder cable — LV feeder circuit 1 (×4) | YJV 95 mm² | 95 mm² Cu · 212 A · ΔU 1.3% · $47.2/m | 4 |
| Main busbar (Cu) | Cu 63×6.3 | 63×6.3 · 900 A rating · ref $47/m | included |
| Grounding electrode | Φ20mm × 2.5m rod | R₁ 39.6 Ω → 13 rod(s) ≤ 4 Ω | 13 |
📐 Single-line diagram
⚙️ Electrical schematic (protection & metering)
⛳ Grounding grid layout
🔌 Cable schedule & routing
🗄 Switchgear arrangement
🛡 Protection configuration
📋 Protection settings
| Circuit | Protection | Setting | Time | Standard |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HV incoming 10 kV | 50 instantaneous | 231 A | inst | IEC 60255-151 / IEEE 242 |
| HV incoming 10 kV | 51 overcurrent | 35 A | 0.5 s | IEC 60255-151 / IEEE 242 |
| HV incoming 10 kV | 51N earth-fault | 6 A | 0.5 s | IEC 60364-4-41 |
| Transformer 500 kVA | 49 thermal overload | 84% of rated | alarm 90% | IEC 60076-7 / IEEE C57.91 |
| LV incoming 0.4 kV | 50 instantaneous | 5774 A | inst | IEC 60947-2 |
| LV incoming 0.4 kV | 51 overcurrent | 866 A | 0.3 s | IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255 |
| LV incoming 0.4 kV | 51N earth-fault | 144 A | 0.3 s | IEC 60364-4-41 |
| LV feeder circuit 1 | 50/51/51N (MCCB) | Ir 233 A · Im 1698 A · Ig 42 A | 0.1 s (grading) | IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255 |
| LV feeder circuit 2 | 50/51/51N (MCCB) | Ir 233 A · Im 1698 A · Ig 42 A | 0.1 s (grading) | IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255 |
| LV feeder circuit 3 | 50/51/51N (MCCB) | Ir 233 A · Im 1698 A · Ig 42 A | 0.1 s (grading) | IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255 |
| LV feeder circuit 4 | 50/51/51N (MCCB) | Ir 233 A · Im 1698 A · Ig 42 A | 0.1 s (grading) | IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255 |
Settings are illustrative starting points — confirm with a protection coordination study per IEC 60255 / IEEE 242.
📚 Calculation book
CALCULATION BOOK
500 kVA · 10kV/0.4kV · single · illustrative
1. Load calculation
Standard: IEC 60076 · IEC 60364-5-52
| Parameter | Formula | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Connected load | P = sum(kW) | 500 kW |
| Demand factor | Kd | 0.8 |
| Demand power | Pd = P x Kd | 400 kW |
| Power factor | cos(phi) before -> after | 0.85 -> 0.95 |
| Design apparent power | Sd = Pd / cos(phi) | 421 kVA |
| Transformer loading | Sd / Srated | 84% |
2. Short-circuit calculation
Standard: IEC 60909
| Parameter | Formula | Value |
|---|---|---|
| System impedance (pu) | Zs = S / Ssc | 0.10% (on 500 kVA base) |
| Transformer impedance | Zt = Z% | 4% |
| Total impedance | Z = Zt + Zs | 4.10% |
| LV prospective Isc | Isc = In / Z | 17.6 kA |
| HV prospective Isc | Isc = Ssc / (sqrt(3) x V) | 28.9 kA |
| Breaking check | Icu >= Isc | LV 25 kA (1.4x margin) PASS |
3. Voltage drop
Standard: IEC 60364-5-52 Annex G
| Parameter | Formula | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Main feeder | dU = sqrt(3) x I x L x R / V | 240 mm² · dU 0.88% @ 60 m |
| Limit | max 3% | within limit |
| Transformer volt. reg. | dU ~ loading x Z% x sin(phi) | 1.1% at full load |
4. Reactive power / harmonics
Standard: IEC 61921 (PFC) · IEEE 519 (harmonics)
| Parameter | Formula | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Required compensation | Qc = Pd x (tan1 - tan2) | 116 kvar |
| PFC bank | standard step | 150 kvar |
| Detuned reactor | p = 6% | 9.0 kvar @ 6% (anti-resonance) |
5. Grounding
Standard: IEC 60364-5-54 earthing arrangements and protective conductors LV earthing target 10 Ω (TN systems); 4 Ω used as a conservative design target · target 4 ohm
| Parameter | Formula | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Single rod resistance | R1 = rho/(2 x pi x L) x ln(4L/d) | 39.6 ohm |
| Rods required | n = R1 / (target x 0.8) | 13 rod(s) <= 4 ohm |
| Rod spec | dia x length | 20 mm x 2.5 m |
This calculation book is illustrative it consolidates the computed values with the referenced standards. A licensed engineer must verify and seal final design documents for construction.
🔧 Secondary schematic (control & signal)
🔩 Terminal strip (typical)
📏 Standard basis (依据标准)
| Topic | Standard |
|---|---|
| Standard basis | IEC · IEC 60364-5-52 |
| Conductor ampacity | IEC 60364-5-52 Table B.52.2–B.52.5 (copper, 3 loaded conductors, 30°C ambient, PVC) — typical/rounded values, conservative (±3%) |
| Voltage-drop limit | IEC 60364-5-52 Annex G · max drop 3% |
| Winding temp rise | IEC 60076-2 — winding temp rise 65 K (Class A insulation, ONAN) |
| kVA ratings | IEC 60076-1 R10 preferred numbers |
| Breaker frames | IEC 60947-2 frame sizes (In) |
| Grounding target | IEC 60364-5-54 earthing arrangements and protective conductors — LV earthing target ≤ 10 Ω (TN systems); 4 Ω used as a conservative design target · target 4 Ω |
🧮 How it was calculated
1. Loads: P=500 kW, PF 0.85, 4 circuits
2. Demand: 500 × 0.8 = 400 kW
3. PFC: Qc = 400 × (0.620 − 0.329) = 116 kVAR → 150 kVAR bank
4. Transformer: S = 400 ÷ 0.95 = 421.1 kVA → 500 kVA standard
4b. Loading: 421 ÷ 500 = 84% (good range)
4c. Voltage regulation: 84% × 4% × sinφ ≈ 1.1% at full load
5. HV: In 28.9 A, Isc 28.9 kA → KYN28A-12-630-315
6. LV: In 722 A, Isc 17.6 kA (Xfmr Z 4% + system 0.1%) → GGD-1000, 1 feeder panel(s)
7. Grounding: R₁ 39.6 Ω → 13 rod(s)
8. Main feeder: 2× 240 mm² · ΔU 0.88% — OK
Example 2 — 800 kW Dry-Type (N+1) Distribution System · FOB $130,066
Distribution system · iec standard
800 kVA transformer
SCB13-800/10
Est. total (FOB)
$130,066
📦 Bill of Materials (example)
| Equipment | Model | Spec | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| HV incoming panel | KYN28A-12-630-25 | 630 A / 25 kA · vacuum | 2 |
| HV bus-tie panel | KYN28A-12-630-25 | 630 A / 25 kA · vacuum | 1 |
| Main transformer (each) | SCB13-800/10 | 800 kVA · Dry-Type · Aluminum · SCB13 | 2 |
| LV incoming panel | GGD-1600 | 1600 A busbar · In 1155 A | 2 |
| LV bus-tie panel | GGD-1600 | 1600 A busbar | 1 |
| LV feeder panel (×2) | GGD-1600 | distributes 8 circuits | 2 |
| PFC capacitor bank | 150 kVAR | automatic · GCK LV cabinet | 2 |
| Cable branch box (LV) | DFW-0.4 | 1-in / 4-out · 0.4 kV · 630 A | 1 |
| Series reactor (detuned) | CKSG-9.0/0.4 | 9.0 kVAR · 6% · 0.4 kV | 1 |
| Main feeder cable (TX→LV) | YJV 0.6/1kV 240 mm² ×3 | 3× 240 mm² Cu · ΔU 1.25% @ 80 m · $123.0/m | 3 |
| Feeder cable — LV feeder circuit 1 (×8) | YJV 70 mm² | 70 mm² Cu · 160 A · ΔU 1.8% · $37.0/m | 8 |
| Branch trunk cable (LV → branch box 1) | YJV 185 mm² ×2 | 2× 185 mm² Cu · 642 A · ΔU 1.4% · $103.0/m | 2 |
| Main busbar (Cu) | Cu 80×8 | 80×8 · 1400 A rating · ref $75.6/m | included |
| Grounding electrode | Φ20mm × 2.5m rod | R₁ 59.3 Ω → 19 rod(s) ≤ 4 Ω | 19 |
📐 Single-line diagram
⚙️ Electrical schematic (protection & metering)
⛳ Grounding grid layout
🔌 Cable schedule & routing
🗄 Switchgear arrangement
🛡 Protection configuration
📋 Protection settings
| Circuit | Protection | Setting | Time | Standard |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HV incoming 10 kV | 50 instantaneous | 370 A | inst | IEC 60255-151 / IEEE 242 |
| HV incoming 10 kV | 51 overcurrent | 55 A | 0.5 s | IEC 60255-151 / IEEE 242 |
| HV incoming 10 kV | 51N earth-fault | 9 A | 0.5 s | IEC 60364-4-41 |
| Transformer 800 kVA | 87 differential | 9 A | inst | IEEE C37.91 / GB/T 14285 |
| Transformer 800 kVA | 49 thermal overload | 89% of rated | alarm 90% | IEC 60076-7 / IEEE C57.91 |
| LV incoming 0.4 kV | 50 instantaneous | 9238 A | inst | IEC 60947-2 |
| LV incoming 0.4 kV | 51 overcurrent | 1386 A | 0.3 s | IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255 |
| LV incoming 0.4 kV | 51N earth-fault | 231 A | 0.3 s | IEC 60364-4-41 |
| LV bus-tie | 50/51 overcurrent | 1386 A | 0.3 s | IEC 60947-2 |
| LV feeder circuit 1 | 50/51/51N (MCCB) | Ir 176 A · Im 1283 A · Ig 32 A | 0.1 s (grading) | IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255 |
| LV feeder circuit 2 | 50/51/51N (MCCB) | Ir 176 A · Im 1283 A · Ig 32 A | 0.1 s (grading) | IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255 |
| LV feeder circuit 3 | 50/51/51N (MCCB) | Ir 176 A · Im 1283 A · Ig 32 A | 0.1 s (grading) | IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255 |
| LV feeder circuit 4 | 50/51/51N (MCCB) | Ir 176 A · Im 1283 A · Ig 32 A | 0.1 s (grading) | IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255 |
| LV feeder circuit 5 | 50/51/51N (MCCB) | Ir 176 A · Im 1283 A · Ig 32 A | 0.1 s (grading) | IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255 |
| LV feeder circuit 6 | 50/51/51N (MCCB) | Ir 176 A · Im 1283 A · Ig 32 A | 0.1 s (grading) | IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255 |
| +2 more feeders | 50/51/51N (MCCB) | per feeder load | 0.1 s (grading) | IEC 60947-2 |
Settings are illustrative starting points — confirm with a protection coordination study per IEC 60255 / IEEE 242.
📚 Calculation book
CALCULATION BOOK
800 kVA · 10kV/0.4kV · N+1 · illustrative
1. Load calculation
Standard: IEC 60076 · IEC 60364-5-52
| Parameter | Formula | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Connected load | P = sum(kW) | 800 kW |
| Demand factor | Kd | 0.85 |
| Demand power | Pd = P x Kd | 680 kW |
| Power factor | cos(phi) before -> after | 0.90 -> 0.95 |
| Design apparent power | Sd = Pd / cos(phi) | 716 kVA |
| Transformer loading | Sd / Srated | 89% |
2. Short-circuit calculation
Standard: IEC 60909
| Parameter | Formula | Value |
|---|---|---|
| System impedance (pu) | Zs = S / Ssc | 0.23% (on 800 kVA base) |
| Transformer impedance | Zt = Z% | 6% |
| Total impedance | Z = Zt + Zs | 6.23% |
| LV prospective Isc | Isc = In / Z | 18.5 kA |
| HV prospective Isc | Isc = Ssc / (sqrt(3) x V) | 20.2 kA |
| Breaking check | Icu >= Isc | LV 25 kA (1.3x margin) PASS |
3. Voltage drop
Standard: IEC 60364-5-52 Annex G
| Parameter | Formula | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Main feeder | dU = sqrt(3) x I x L x R / V | 240 mm² · dU 1.25% @ 80 m |
| Limit | max 3% | within limit |
| Transformer volt. reg. | dU ~ loading x Z% x sin(phi) | 1.7% at full load |
4. Reactive power / harmonics
Standard: IEC 61921 (PFC) · IEEE 519 (harmonics)
| Parameter | Formula | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Required compensation | Qc = Pd x (tan1 - tan2) | 106 kvar |
| PFC bank | standard step | 150 kvar |
| Detuned reactor | p = 6% | 9.0 kvar @ 6% (anti-resonance) |
5. Grounding
Standard: IEC 60364-5-54 earthing arrangements and protective conductors LV earthing target 10 Ω (TN systems); 4 Ω used as a conservative design target · target 4 ohm
| Parameter | Formula | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Single rod resistance | R1 = rho/(2 x pi x L) x ln(4L/d) | 59.3 ohm |
| Rods required | n = R1 / (target x 0.8) | 19 rod(s) <= 4 ohm |
| Rod spec | dia x length | 20 mm x 2.5 m |
This calculation book is illustrative it consolidates the computed values with the referenced standards. A licensed engineer must verify and seal final design documents for construction.
🔧 Secondary schematic (control & signal)
🔩 Terminal strip (typical)
📏 Standard basis (依据标准)
| Topic | Standard |
|---|---|
| Standard basis | IEC · IEC 60364-5-52 |
| Conductor ampacity | IEC 60364-5-52 Table B.52.2–B.52.5 (copper, 3 loaded conductors, 30°C ambient, PVC) — typical/rounded values, conservative (±3%) |
| Voltage-drop limit | IEC 60364-5-52 Annex G · max drop 3% |
| Winding temp rise | IEC 60076-11 — dry-type Class F 100 K rise |
| kVA ratings | IEC 60076-1 R10 preferred numbers |
| Breaker frames | IEC 60947-2 frame sizes (In) |
| Grounding target | IEC 60364-5-54 earthing arrangements and protective conductors — LV earthing target ≤ 10 Ω (TN systems); 4 Ω used as a conservative design target · target 4 Ω |
🧮 How it was calculated
1. Loads: P=800 kW, PF 0.90, 8 circuits
2. Demand: 800 × 0.85 = 680 kW
3. PFC: Qc = 680 × (0.484 − 0.329) = 106 kVAR → 150 kVAR bank
4. Transformer: S = 680 ÷ 0.95 = 715.8 kVA → 800 kVA standard
4b. Loading: 716 ÷ 800 = 89% (good range)
4c. Voltage regulation: 89% × 6% × sinφ ≈ 1.7% at full load
5. HV: In 46.2 A, Isc 20.2 kA → KYN28A-12-630-25
6. LV: In 1155 A, Isc 18.5 kA (Xfmr Z 6% + system 0.2%) → GGD-1600, 2 feeder panel(s)
6b. Cable branch boxes: 1 × DFW-0.4 (1-in/4-out) for feeder grouping
7. Grounding: R₁ 59.3 Ω → 19 rod(s)
8. Main feeder: 3× 240 mm² · ΔU 1.25% — OK
计算过程说明
选型依据
变压器 kVA = 需求 kW ÷ 目标功率因数，向上取整至标准容量；电缆截面根据载流量和电压降限值确定；LV 短路电流由变压器阻抗加上上游系统计算得出；接地棒数量根据电极电阻与目标接地电阻确定。
适用标准
设计遵循所选标准中的导体载流量、电压降限值、绕组温升、标准 kVA 容量、断路器框架和接地目标——每项输出均标注其标准依据。
常见问题
低压配电系统中可接受的电压降是多少？
IEC 60364-5-52 建议从电源到负载的总电压降控制在 5% 以内（配电回路 4% + 末级回路 1%），照明回路限值 3%。超过 5% 会导致电机电流增大、过热甚至跳闸，因此馈线选型通常把稳态压降控制在 2-3% 左右，并给电机启动留出裕量。
如何计算配电系统所需的变压器容量（kVA）？
计算需用容量 Sd = 总装机 kW × 需用系数 kd ÷ 目标功率因数。工业厂房 kd 通常 0.6-0.8，商业建筑 0.4-0.6。然后按 IEC 60076 取邻近的标准容量（100/160/250/400/630/800/1000/1250 kVA），使负载率落在 70-80% 左右，兼顾效率与未来扩容。
铜绕组与铝绕组——导体材质对变压器成本和损耗影响多大？
相同容量下铝绕组比铜绕组采购成本低约 15-25%，但负载损耗高约 25-35%，因为铝的电阻率（2.65 μΩ·cm）约为铜（1.68 μΩ·cm）的 1.6 倍。铜变压器体积更小、温升更低，铝变压器首购价占优。本计算器对 S9/S11/S13/S20 系列按铜/铝双材质报价，可直接对比全生命周期成本。
开关柜的短路容量应选多大？
开关柜分断能力要按母线处故障水平校核，由上级短路容量和变压器阻抗算出。10 kV/0.4 kV、1000 kVA、阻抗 6% 的变压器在低压母线约贡献 24 kA，因此应选 31.5 kA 或 36 kA 的柜子而非 16 kA。计算方法见 IEC 60909。
计算器里的 FOB 价格是怎么算出来的？
价格来自 QDTB 定价矩阵（calculator-data.json），变压器按铜价联动因子计算。变压器价格按容量曲线 a·S^b 拟合，铜绕组随每日铜价（基准约 14200 美元/吨）联动，开关柜/补偿按区间定价。总价为青岛 FOB 参考价，含标准附件，不含运费、关税和安装。
工厂负载的需用系数（demand factor）该取多少？
需用系数 kd = 最大同时负荷 ÷ 总装机容量。典型值：连续流程工厂 0.8-0.9、一般制造 0.6-0.7、商业办公 0.4-0.6、住宅 0.3-0.5。取对 kd 可避免变压器超配 30-40% 及其空载损耗；计算器在选标准 kVA 前会先套用 kd。
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