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公共设施电力系统计算器

为医院、学校、体育场和机场设计可靠的供电方案 — 变压器选型、N / N+1 / 2N 冗余、自动转换开关、应急（EPS）照明和备用柴油发电机，支持 BOM 和单线图。

为什么使用此计算器

公共设施承载着绝不能断电的生命安全负荷。本计算器根据建筑类型为干式变压器供电进行选型，应用 N / N+1 / 2N 冗余，并按照 GB 50052、GB 51309 和 GB 50016 配置应急电源链 — ATS、EPS 消防照明和备用柴油发电机。

Worked Examples

Example 1 — Hospital (2N, Critical Emergency Power) · FOB $310,667

Hospital power system · 2N · 10kV/0.4kV

1,600 kVA transformer

SCB13-1600/10 · critical emergency · 1,500 kW

Design load

1,500 kW × 1 → 1,500 kW

Redundancy

Emergency level

critical

Transformer

SCB13-1600/10

Est. total (FOB)

POA

📦 Bill of Materials

Equipment	Model	Spec	Qty
HV incoming panel	KYN28A-12-630-315	630 A / 31.5 kA · vacuum	2
HV bus-tie panel	KYN28A-12-630-315	630 A / 31.5 kA · vacuum	1
Main transformer (each)	SCB13-1600/10	1600 kVA · Dry-Type · Copper · SCB13	2
LV incoming panel	GGD-2500	2500 A busbar · In 2309 A	2
LV bus-tie panel	GGD-2500	2500 A busbar	1
LV feeder panel (×3)	GGD-2500	distributes 13 circuits	3
Cable branch box (LV)	DFW-0.4	1-in / 4-out · 0.4 kV · 630 A	3
Main feeder cable (TX→LV)	YJV 0.6/1kV 300 mm² ×5	5× 300 mm² Cu · ΔU 0.90% @ 60 m · $154.0/m	5
Feeder cable — Ward 1 (×13)	YJV 70 mm²	70 mm² Cu · 175 A · ΔU 1.5% · $37.0/m	13
Branch trunk cable (LV → branch box 1)	YJV 185 mm² ×2	2× 185 mm² Cu · 701 A · ΔU 1.1% · $103.0/m	2
Branch trunk cable (LV → branch box 2)	YJV 185 mm² ×2	2× 185 mm² Cu · 701 A · ΔU 1.1% · $103.0/m	2
Branch trunk cable (LV → branch box 3)	YJV 70 mm²	70 mm² Cu · 175 A · ΔU 1.5% · $37.0/m	1
Main busbar (Cu)	Cu 125×10	125×10 · 2500 A rating · ref $147.8/m	included
Grounding electrode	Φ20mm × 2.5m rod	R₁ 39.6 Ω → 13 rod(s) ≤ 4 Ω	13
Automatic transfer switch (ATS)	ATS 600 A (typ.)	dual-source automatic transfer · GB 50052 load classification	1
Emergency power supply (EPS)	225 kW (typ.)	emergency & fire lighting · GB 51309	1
Diesel generator set (standby)	2000 kVA (typ.)	standby power for life-safety & critical loads · GB 50016	1
Medical IT isolated power supply	45 kVA	operating theatre / ICU isolated power · IEC 60364-7-710	1
Operating-room UPS (online)	75 kVA	online double-conversion · IEC 62040 · quoted per project	1
Fire pump feeder (dedicated)	120 kW	dedicated fire pump supply · GB 50016	1

📐 Single-line diagram

⚙️ Electrical schematic (protection & metering)

⛳ Grounding grid layout

🔌 Cable schedule & routing

🗄 Switchgear arrangement

🛡 Protection configuration

📋 Protection settings

Circuit	Protection	Setting	Time	Standard
HV incoming 10 kV	50 instantaneous	739 A	inst	IEC 60255-151 / IEEE 242
HV incoming 10 kV	51 overcurrent	111 A	0.5 s	IEC 60255-151 / IEEE 242
HV incoming 10 kV	51N earth-fault	18 A	0.5 s	IEC 60364-4-41
Transformer 1600 kVA	87 differential	18 A	inst	IEEE C37.91 / GB/T 14285
Transformer 1600 kVA	49 thermal overload	89% of rated	alarm 90%	IEC 60076-7 / IEEE C57.91
LV incoming 0.4 kV	50 instantaneous	18475 A	inst	IEC 60947-2
LV incoming 0.4 kV	51 overcurrent	2771 A	0.3 s	IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
LV incoming 0.4 kV	51N earth-fault	462 A	0.3 s	IEC 60364-4-41
LV bus-tie	50/51 overcurrent	2771 A	0.3 s	IEC 60947-2
Ward 1	50/51/51N (MCCB)	Ir 193 A - Im 1402 A - Ig 35 A	0.1 s (grading)	IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
Ward 2	50/51/51N (MCCB)	Ir 193 A - Im 1402 A - Ig 35 A	0.1 s (grading)	IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
Ward 3	50/51/51N (MCCB)	Ir 193 A - Im 1402 A - Ig 35 A	0.1 s (grading)	IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
Ward 4	50/51/51N (MCCB)	Ir 193 A - Im 1402 A - Ig 35 A	0.1 s (grading)	IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
Ward 5	50/51/51N (MCCB)	Ir 193 A - Im 1402 A - Ig 35 A	0.1 s (grading)	IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
Ward 6	50/51/51N (MCCB)	Ir 193 A - Im 1402 A - Ig 35 A	0.1 s (grading)	IEC 60947-2 / IEC 60255
+7 more feeders	50/51/51N (MCCB)	per feeder load	0.1 s (grading)	IEC 60947-2

Settings are illustrative starting points — confirm with a protection coordination study per IEC 60255 / IEEE 242.

📚 Calculation book

CALCULATION BOOK

1600 kVA - 10kV/0.4kV - N+1 - illustrative

1. Load calculation

Standard: IEC 60076 - IEC 60364-5-52

Parameter	Formula	Value
Connected load	P = sum(kW)	1,500 kW
Demand factor	Kd	0.9
Demand power	Pd = P x Kd	1,350 kW
Power factor	cos(phi) before -> after	0.95 -> 0.95
Design apparent power	Sd = Pd / cos(phi)	1,421 kVA
Transformer loading	Sd / Srated	89%

2. Short-circuit calculation

Standard: IEC 60909

Parameter	Formula	Value
System impedance (pu)	Zs = S / Ssc	0.32% (on 1600 kVA base)
Transformer impedance	Zt = Z%	6%
Total impedance	Z = Zt + Zs	6.32%
LV prospective Isc	Isc = In / Z	36.5 kA
HV prospective Isc	Isc = Ssc / (sqrt(3) x V)	28.9 kA
Breaking check	Icu >= Isc	LV 50 kA (1.4x margin) PASS

3. Voltage drop

Standard: IEC 60364-5-52 Annex G

Parameter	Formula	Value
Main feeder	dU = sqrt(3) x I x L x R / V	300 mm2 - dU 0.90% @ 60 m
Limit	max 3%	within limit
Transformer volt. reg.	dU ~ loading x Z% x sin(phi)	1.7% at full load

4. Reactive power / harmonics

Standard: IEC 61921 (PFC) - IEEE 519 (harmonics)

Parameter	Formula	Value
Required compensation	Qc = Pd x (tan1 - tan2)	0 kvar
PFC bank	standard step	0 kvar
Detuned reactor	p = 6%	n/a

5. Grounding

Standard: IEC 60364-5-54 earthing arrangements and protective conductors LV earthing target 10 ohm (TN systems); 4 ohm used as a conservative design target - target 4 ohm

Parameter	Formula	Value
Single rod resistance	R1 = rho/(2 x pi x L) x ln(4L/d)	39.6 ohm
Rods required	n = R1 / (target x 0.8)	13 rod(s) <= 4 ohm
Rod spec	dia x length	20 mm x 2.5 m

This calculation book is illustrative it consolidates the computed values with the referenced standards. A licensed engineer must verify and seal final design documents for construction.

🔧 Secondary schematic (control & signal)

🔩 Terminal strip (typical)

🛡️ Redundancy & emergency power

Parameter	Value
Building type	Hospital
Design factor	1× (life-safety + 100% medical load, no reduction)
Redundancy topology	2N → 2 independent paths
Emergency level	critical
ATS	Yes (dual-source transfer)
EPS (fire lighting)	Yes (GB 51309)
Standby diesel genset	Yes (GB 50016)

📏 Standard basis (依据标准)

Topic	Standard
Standard basis	IEC · IEC 60364-5-52
Conductor ampacity	IEC 60364-5-52 Table B.52.2–B.52.5 (copper, 3 loaded conductors, 30°C ambient, PVC) — typical/rounded values, conservative (±3%)
Voltage-drop limit	IEC 60364-5-52 Annex G · max drop 3%
Winding temp rise	IEC 60076-11 — dry-type Class F 100 K rise
kVA ratings	IEC 60076-1 R10 preferred numbers
Breaker frames	IEC 60947-2 frame sizes (In)
Grounding target	IEC 60364-5-54 earthing arrangements and protective conductors — LV earthing target ≤ 10 Ω (TN systems); 4 Ω used as a conservative design target · target 4 Ω
Power supply design	GB 50052 — code for design of electric power supply systems (load classification)
Fire emergency lighting	GB 51309 — technical standard for fire emergency lighting and evacuation indication
Building fire protection	GB 50016 — code for fire protection design of buildings
UPS	IEC 62040 — UPS performance & test requirements (critical loads)

🧮 How it was calculated

1. Hospital: total load 1,500 kW × design factor 1 = 1,500 kW (explicit coincidence factor — life-safety + 100% medical load, no reduction)

2. Redundancy 2N → two independent power paths

3. Emergency level: critical → ATS, EPS (fire lighting), standby diesel genset

4. Loads: P=1,500 kW, PF 0.95, 13 circuits

5. Demand: 1,500 × 0.9 = 1,350 kW

6. PFC: Qc = 1,350 × (0.329 − 0.329) = 0 kVAR → 0 kVAR bank

7. Transformer: S = 1,350 ÷ 0.95 = 1421.1 kVA → 1,600 kVA standard

8. Loading: 1,421 ÷ 1,600 = 89% (good range)

9. Voltage regulation: 89% × 6% × sinφ ≈ 1.7% at full load

10. HV: In 92.4 A, Isc 28.9 kA → KYN28A-12-630-315

11. LV: In 2309 A, Isc 36.5 kA (Xfmr Z 6% + system 0.3%) → GGD-2500, 3 feeder panel(s)

12. Cable branch boxes: 3 × DFW-0.4 (1-in/4-out) for feeder grouping

13. Grounding: R₁ 39.6 Ω → 13 rod(s)

14. Main feeder: 5× 300 mm² · ΔU 0.90% — OK

Summary
Estimated total (FOB Qingdao, EXW) — priced equipment				$310,667

📋 Design notes

Pricing basis: FOB Qingdao (EXW) equipment price. Freight, duty and installation are not included — add for landed economics.

Transformer loading: 89% at design demand — good range.

Short-circuit check: HV 28.9 kA vs 31.5 kA (1.1× margin) · LV 36.5 kA vs 50 kA (1.4× margin).

Voltage regulation: ≈ 1.7% at full load (typical limit 5%).

Copper price linkage: Copper-wound transformer price tracks LME copper (current $14,219/t · 2026-09-12 · LME Copper (Sina hf_CAD)).

Parallel conductors: Single-cable ampacity exceeded — parallel conductors specified: main feeder 5× 300 mm², branch trunk 1 2× 185 mm², branch trunk 2 2× 185 mm² (per IEC 60364-5-52 / GB 50054).

Cable & grounding pricing: Cable conductors and grounding are priced from the confirmed cables-trays-grounding price reference (per-metre copper YJV; aluminium remains POA). The main copper busbar is POA — its length is project-specific.

Busway (high-current feeders): For LV feeders above ~2500 A, a busway (母线槽) trunking system is recommended instead of parallel cables.

Design factor (explicit): Hospital applies a 1× design/coincidence factor to the entered load (life-safety + 100% medical load, no reduction) — entered 1,500 kW becomes 1,500 kW design load.

Redundancy: 2N topology — two independent paths, each sized for 100% load (fault-tolerant).

Emergency power: critical level: automatic transfer switch for dual source; EPS for fire/emergency lighting (GB 51309); standby diesel genset for life-safety loads (GB 50016).

Load classification: Hospitals and airports carry life-safety (first-class) loads requiring dual independent sources — GB 50052 classifies load by importance.

Hospital critical loads: Operating theatres and ICU need a medical IT isolated power supply (IEC 60364-7-710) and an online UPS; the fire pump has a dedicated feeder (GB 50016). These are included as separate line items for hospitals.

Pricing: ATS, EPS and standby diesel gensets are priced from the catalogue price reference; medical IT panels, OR UPS and fire pumps remain quoted per project (POA).

计算过程说明

选型计算原理

总负荷为建筑负荷经冷却和辅助修正后的值。变压器按目标功率因数选型；N+1 / 2N 冗余决定并联单元数和独立供电路径数。应急等级（基本 / 标准 / 关键）决定是否增加 ATS、EPS 和/或备用柴油发电机。

适用标准

选型参考 GB 50052（供电设计和负荷分级）、GB 51309（消防应急照明）、GB 50016（建筑防火）和 IEC 62040（关键负荷用 UPS）。

常见问题

医院供电需要什么冗余？

医院按 GB 50052 属一级重要负荷，需两路独立市电加应急电源（柴发或 EPS），数秒内恢复关键回路。生命维持和手术室用 2N + UPS。计算器按建筑类型、冗余等级（N+1/2N）与应急级别为整套供配电选型。

公共建筑的应急电源如何恢复？

双电源自动转换开关（ATS）检测失电后切到备用柴油发电机，柴发 30-60 秒启动并带满负荷。毫秒级关键负荷用 UPS 桥接。GB 50052 划分应急等级；计算器按建筑负荷类别选 ATS、柴发/EPS 与电池备电。

医院或体育场的典型负荷密度是多少？

医院约 60-120 W/m²（含影像可达 150 W/m²），学校 30-60 W/m²，办公 50-80 W/m²，体育场 60-100 W/m² 外加泛光照明峰值。计算器默认 1500 kW 模拟中型医院；总需量决定变压器与应急容量。

1500 kW 医院需要多大变压器？

1500 kW 医院、0.95 功率因数约需 1580 kVA，故 N+1/2N 选 2×800 kVA 或 2×1000 kVA。医院常设两台变压器带自动母联，任一都能带关键负荷。计算器按 IEC 60076 标准容量并套用所选冗余等级。

什么是 EPS？它和 UPS 有什么区别？

应急电源（EPS）是基于逆变器的照明和生命安全负荷备用电源，切换时间 0.25-5 s，比 UPS（0-10 ms）慢但每 kVA 更便宜，适合电机与照明负荷。UPS 用于不能容忍任何中断的电子设备。计算器为应急照明选 EPS、为关键 IT 选 UPS。

公共建筑适用哪些电能质量规定？

公共建筑须按 IEEE 519 限制谐波畸变（PCC 处 5-8% THD）并维持功率因数高于约 0.9 以免被罚款。LED 照明和变频暖通注入谐波，故常配去谐电容或 APF。计算器校核功率因数与谐波占比并配置补偿。

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