Overall demand factor
72%
Calculadora de Cálculo de Carga e Demanda
Construa um quadro de cargas a partir das cargas instaladas e fatores de demanda, depois derive a demanda calculada (kW/kVA), a corrente de demanda e uma potência de transformador recomendada.
Resultado
Insira sua carga → obtenha um projeto completo e BOM em segundos
Saída de exemploCalculated demand load
83.2 kW
97.9 kVA at PF 0.85 · connected 145.0 kW · Ks 0.8
Demand current
141 A
Transformer
160 kVA
Load factor
61%
Load schedule
| Load group | Connected kW | Demand factor | Demand kW |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lighting | 20.0 | 90% | 18.0 |
| HVAC / air conditioning | 40.0 | 80% | 32.0 |
| Motors & pumps | 60.0 | 70% | 42.0 |
| Sockets / general purpose | 15.0 | 40% | 6.0 |
| Other / special loads | 10.0 | 60% | 6.0 |
| Subtotal (diversified) | 145.0 | 104.0 | |
| Demand load (× Ks 0.8) | 83.2 kW |
Result
| Demand kVA | 83.2 kW ÷ 0.85 = 97.9 kVA |
| Demand current | 97.9 kVA ÷ (√3 × 0.4 kV) = 141 A |
| Recommended transformer | 97.9 kVA ÷ 0.8 = 122 kVA → 160 kVA (load factor 61%) |
Bill of materials
| Equipment | Spec | Qty | Subtotal |
|---|---|---|---|
| Distribution transformer (S13 oil-immersed) | 160 kVA · 10/0.4 kV · Dyn11 | 1 | POA |
| Low-voltage switchgear (GCK/GCS) | 98 kVA demand · 141 A | 1 | POA |
| Total equipment (transformer) | POA |
Para projetistas e consultores elétricos que fazem o primeiro passo de qualquer projeto de distribuição — dimensionamento de alimentadores, quadros e transformadores a partir de um quadro de cargas.
Usar a calculadora
Exemplo prático
Um exemplo de referência pré-calculado (rastreável — não requer JavaScript). Introduza os seus próprios parâmetros acima para obter um resultado em tempo real.
Exemplo 1 — quadro de cargas de escritório e indústria ligeira
Calculated demand load
83.2 kW
97.9 kVA at PF 0.85 · connected 145.0 kW · Ks 0.8
Overall demand factor
72%
Demand current
141 A
Transformer
160 kVA
Load factor
61%
Load schedule
| Load group | Connected kW | Demand factor | Demand kW |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lighting | 20.0 | 90% | 18.0 |
| HVAC / air conditioning | 40.0 | 80% | 32.0 |
| Motors & pumps | 60.0 | 70% | 42.0 |
| Sockets / general purpose | 15.0 | 40% | 6.0 |
| Other / special loads | 10.0 | 60% | 6.0 |
| Subtotal (diversified) | 145.0 | 104.0 | |
| Demand load (× Ks 0.8) | 83.2 kW |
Result
| Demand kVA | 83.2 kW ÷ 0.85 = 97.9 kVA |
| Demand current | 97.9 kVA ÷ (√3 × 0.4 kV) = 141 A |
| Recommended transformer | 97.9 kVA ÷ 0.8 = 122 kVA → 160 kVA (load factor 61%) |
Bill of materials
| Equipment | Spec | Qty | Subtotal |
|---|---|---|---|
| Distribution transformer (S13 oil-immersed) | 160 kVA · 10/0.4 kV · Dyn11 | 1 | POA |
| Low-voltage switchgear (GCK/GCS) | 98 kVA demand · 141 A | 1 | POA |
| Total equipment (transformer) | POA |
Exemplo 2 — edifício comercial com elevada percentagem de AVAC
Calculated demand load
134.6 kW
149.6 kVA at PF 0.9 · connected 235.0 kW · Ks 0.75
Overall demand factor
76%
Demand current
216 A
Transformer
200 kVA
Load factor
75%
Load schedule
| Load group | Connected kW | Demand factor | Demand kW |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lighting | 30.0 | 90% | 27.0 |
| HVAC / air conditioning | 120.0 | 85% | 102.0 |
| Motors & pumps | 40.0 | 60% | 24.0 |
| Sockets / general purpose | 25.0 | 50% | 12.5 |
| Other / special loads | 20.0 | 70% | 14.0 |
| Subtotal (diversified) | 235.0 | 179.5 | |
| Demand load (× Ks 0.75) | 134.6 kW |
Result
| Demand kVA | 134.6 kW ÷ 0.9 = 149.6 kVA |
| Demand current | 149.6 kVA ÷ (√3 × 0.4 kV) = 216 A |
| Recommended transformer | 149.6 kVA ÷ 0.8 = 187 kVA → 200 kVA (load factor 75%) |
Bill of materials
| Equipment | Spec | Qty | Subtotal |
|---|---|---|---|
| Distribution transformer (S13 oil-immersed) | 200 kVA · 10/0.4 kV · Dyn11 | 1 | POA |
| Low-voltage switchgear (GCK/GCS) | 150 kVA demand · 216 A | 1 | POA |
| Total equipment (transformer) | POA |
Como foi calculado
- · Carga instalada: P_conn = Σ P_i.
- · Demanda diversificada: P_d = Σ (P_i × Kd_i).
- · Demanda calculada: P = P_d × Ks (fator de simultaneidade).
- · Potência aparente de demanda: S = P ÷ PF; corrente de demanda: I = P ÷ (√3 · U).
- · Transformador recomendado: S_tr = S ÷ fator de carga alvo (0,8), arredondado para cima para um tamanho padrão.
Normas referenciadas
| Standard | Scope |
|---|---|
| IEC 60364 | Instalações elétricas de baixa tensão |
| IEEE 241 | Prática recomendada para sistemas de energia elétrica em edifícios comerciais (Gray Book) |
| GB 50054 | Código para projeto de instalações elétricas de baixa tensão |
Perguntas frequentes
What is the difference between connected load and demand load?
Connected load is the sum of all equipment nameplate ratings; demand load is the maximum power actually drawn simultaneously, equal to connected load x demand factor. A 500 kW connected load at 0.7 demand factor has a 350 kW demand. Transformers are sized to demand, not connected load. The calculator computes demand from connected load.
What demand factor should I use for different building types?
Typical demand factors: residential 0.3-0.5, commercial/office 0.4-0.6, industrial 0.6-0.8, continuous process 0.8-0.9. A hospital runs 0.7-0.8. Using the right factor prevents a 30-50% Transformer oversize. The calculator provides guidance and computes the recommended kVA.
How do I convert demand kW to transformer kVA?
kVA = demand kW / Power Factor. A 350 kW demand at 0.9 pf needs 389 kVA, so select 400 kVA. If power factor is uncorrected at 0.75, the same load needs 467 kVA — power factor correction shrinks the transformer. The calculator applies pf and selects the standard rating.
What is the NEC vs IEC demand factor difference?
NEC Article 220 gives table-based demand factors per appliance/load type; IEC/GB practice uses engineering judgment and experience factors per building type. Both aim to avoid oversizing. The calculator uses engineering demand factors aligned with GB 50052 and IEC practice.
How do I account for future growth in load demand?
Add 15-25% to the present demand for growth, then select the next standard transformer rating. If present demand is 350 kVA, plan for ~440 kVA and select 500 kVA (or 2x250 kVA). The calculator's margin guidance keeps the transformer loadable at 70-80% after growth.
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Os resultados são estimativas de engenharia para conceção preliminar e apenas para referência. Verifique sempre com as normas aplicáveis, a placa de características do equipamento e um engenheiro licenciado antes da aquisição ou instalação.
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