Purchase
POA
Calculadora de TCO de Transformadores (Custo Total de Propriedade)
Compare o custo total do ciclo de vida dos níveis de eficiência de transformadores — preço de compra mais perdas em vazio e em carga descontadas, O&M e valor residual — ao longo da vida útil.
Resultado
Insira sua carga → obtenha um projeto completo e BOM em segundos
Saída de exemploTotal cost of ownership (present value)
$61k
1000 kVA · S13 — oil-immersed (grade 3) · 50% load · 20 yr · 6% discount
Annual loss
29,828 kWh
PV of losses
$48k
Loss factor
13.4×
Full-cost breakdown (20 years, discounted)
| Component | Value |
|---|---|
| Initial purchase | POA |
| No-load loss 830 W | $12k |
| Load loss 10300 W | $36k |
| O&M (1%/yr, discounted) | $2k |
| Salvage (10% residual, discounted) | −$371 |
| Total cost of ownership | $61k |
Efficiency-level comparison (lowest TCO first)
| Efficiency level | Price | Po | Pk | Loss/yr | TCO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amorphous alloy — oil-immersed | POA | 270 W | 10300 W | 24,922 | $56k |
| S20 — oil-immersed (NX1) | POA | 450 W | 9600 W | 24,966 | $56k |
| S13 — oil-immersed (grade 3) ◂ selected | POA | 830 W | 10300 W | 29,828 | $61k |
| S11 — oil-immersed (grade 3) | POA | 1150 W | 10300 W | 32,631 | $65k |
| SCB13 — dry-type | POA | 1200 W | 9600 W | 31,536 | $67k |
Payback insight
Paying $636 extra for "S13 — oil-immersed (grade 3)" over the lowest-cost "S11 — oil-immersed (grade 3)" saves 2,803 kWh/yr — simple payback ≈ 1.9 years.
Para engenheiros e compradores que comparam níveis de eficiência de transformadores (S11, S13, S20, amorfo, SCB13) com base no custo total de propriedade.
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Exemplo prático
Um exemplo de referência pré-calculado (rastreável — não requer JavaScript). Introduza os seus próprios parâmetros acima para um resultado em tempo real.
Exemplo prático — 1000 kVA, 50% de carga, $0,12/kWh, 20 anos
Total cost of ownership (present value)
$61k
1000 kVA · S13 — oil-immersed (grade 3) · 50% load · 20 yr · 6% discount
Purchase
POA
Annual loss
29,828 kWh
PV of losses
$48k
Loss factor
13.4×
Full-cost breakdown (20 years, discounted)
| Component | Value |
|---|---|
| Initial purchase | POA |
| No-load loss 830 W | $12k |
| Load loss 10300 W | $36k |
| O&M (1%/yr, discounted) | $2k |
| Salvage (10% residual, discounted) | −$371 |
| Total cost of ownership | $61k |
Efficiency-level comparison (lowest TCO first)
| Efficiency level | Price | Po | Pk | Loss/yr | TCO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amorphous alloy — oil-immersed | POA | 270 W | 10300 W | 24,922 | $56k |
| S20 — oil-immersed (NX1) | POA | 450 W | 9600 W | 24,966 | $56k |
| S13 — oil-immersed (grade 3) ◂ selected | POA | 830 W | 10300 W | 29,828 | $61k |
| S11 — oil-immersed (grade 3) | POA | 1150 W | 10300 W | 32,631 | $65k |
| SCB13 — dry-type | POA | 1200 W | 9600 W | 31,536 | $67k |
Payback insight
Paying $636 extra for "S13 — oil-immersed (grade 3)" over the lowest-cost "S11 — oil-immersed (grade 3)" saves 2,803 kWh/yr — simple payback ≈ 1.9 years.
Exemplo prático — 630 kVA S20, 60% de carga, $0,15/kWh, 25 anos
Total cost of ownership (present value)
$63k
630 kVA · S20 — oil-immersed (NX1) · 60% load · 25 yr · 6% discount
Purchase
POA
Annual loss
21,861 kWh
PV of losses
$51k
Loss factor
15.4×
Full-cost breakdown (25 years, discounted)
| Component | Value |
|---|---|
| Initial purchase | POA |
| No-load loss 318 W | $6k |
| Load loss 6048 W | $44k |
| O&M (1%/yr, discounted) | $2k |
| Salvage (10% residual, discounted) | −$261 |
| Total cost of ownership | $63k |
Efficiency-level comparison (lowest TCO first)
| Efficiency level | Price | Po | Pk | Loss/yr | TCO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amorphous alloy — oil-immersed | POA | 191 W | 6489 W | 22,136 | $63k |
| S20 — oil-immersed (NX1) ◂ selected | POA | 318 W | 6048 W | 21,861 | $63k |
| S13 — oil-immersed (grade 3) | POA | 587 W | 6736 W | 26,383 | $72k |
| SCB13 — dry-type | POA | 849 W | 6048 W | 26,506 | $74k |
| S11 — oil-immersed (grade 3) | POA | 813 W | 6489 W | 27,587 | $74k |
Payback insight
Paying $2,409 extra for "S20 — oil-immersed (NX1)" over the lowest-cost "S11 — oil-immersed (grade 3)" saves 5,727 kWh/yr — simple payback ≈ 2.8 years.
Como foi calculado
- · Perda de energia anual: W = (Po + Pk × LF²) × horas, em que Po = perda em vazio, Pk = perda em carga, LF = fator de carga médio.
- · Custo anual das perdas: Closs = W × tarifa.
- · Fator de capitalização de perdas: A = [1 − ((1+g)/(1+r))ᴺ] ÷ (r − g) — o valor atual de $1 de custo anual de perdas.
- · TCO = Compra + PV(perdas) + PV(O&M) − PV(valor residual), tudo descontado à taxa r.
Normas referenciadas
| Standard | Scope |
|---|---|
| IEC 60076 | Transformadores de potência — classificação, perdas e eficiência |
| IEC 60364-8-1 | Eficiência energética em instalações elétricas de baixa tensão |
| IEEE C57.120 | Guia de avaliação de perdas para transformadores de potência e distribuição |
| GB 20052-2020 | Graus de eficiência energética para transformadores de potência |
Perguntas frequentes
What is transformer total cost of ownership (TCO)?
TCO = purchase price plus the present value of lifetime no-load and load losses, O&M and replacement. Losses dominate: over 20-30 years, the capitalized cost of losses often equals 1-2x the purchase price. The calculator discounts losses per IEC 60076 and IEEE C57.120 and compares S11/S13/S20/amorphous/SCB13.
How much more does a low-loss transformer cost and how fast does it pay back?
S13 costs 10-20% more than S11 and cuts No-Load Loss ~25%, typically paying back in 2-4 years where tariffs exceed $0.08/kWh. Amorphous-core transformers cost 20-40% more but cut no-load loss 60-70%, ideal for lightly loaded units. The calculator computes the payback and net present value of the premium.
What is the difference between no-load and load losses?
No-load (iron) loss is constant whenever the Transformer is energized, independent of load — the dominant cost for lightly loaded units. Load (copper) loss varies with the square of load current and dominates at high loading. A transformer loaded at 30% is loss-dominated by no-load loss; the calculator weights both by load profile.
What efficiency grades do transformer standards define?
IEC 60076-20 and GB 20052 define efficiency classes (e.g. Tier 1/Tier 2 in EU, and China's grade 1/2/3). Higher grades mean lower no-load and load losses. China's GB 20052-2020 grades transformers 1-3, with grade 1 being the most efficient. The calculator aligns models to these grades.
When does an amorphous-core transformer make economic sense?
Amorphous-core units cut no-load loss 60-70% but cost 20-40% more, so they win for transformers that run lightly loaded or energised 24/7 with low utilization (e.g. 20-30% loading). At high loading the load loss dominates and the premium pays back slower. The calculator evaluates payback against your load profile.
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