Transformador QDTB®

Calculadora de Coordenação e Seletividade de Proteções

Verifique se um disjuntor a montante e outro a jusante alcançam seletividade para uma dada corrente de defeito, veja a margem de gradação e visualize uma curva tempo-corrente (TCC) ilustrativa.

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Resultado

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Saída de exemplo
Selectivity at 15.0 kA
PARTIAL ⚠
Downstream trips at 0.01 s · upstream at 0.10 s · margin 0.09 s
Downstream Ir
100 A
Upstream Ir
250 A
Grading margin
0.09 s
Requirement
≥ 0.2 s
TCC curves
Time-current characteristic (TCC) — illustrative1101001k10k100k0.01s0.1s1s10s100s1000sIsc 15.0 kADownstream (100 A)Upstream (250 A)
Trip-time calculation
Downstream thermal pick-upIr_d = 100 A × 1 = 100 A
Downstream instantaneousIm_d = 100 A × 10 = 1000 A (Isc ≥ Im, instantaneous trip)
Upstream thermal pick-upIr_u = 250 A × 1 = 250 A
Trip time @ Isct_down = 0.01 s · t_up = 0.10 s · margin = 0.09 s
Recommendation
Increase the upstream short-time delay to ≥ 0.21 s (or use an energy-selective / current-limiting combination).
Bill of materials
EquipmentSpecQtySubtotal
Downstream MCCB100 A · Ir 100 A · Im 1000 A (10×)1POA
Upstream ACB/MCCB250 A · Ir 250 A · Im 2500 A (10×) · Tsd 0.1 s1POA
Total equipment (switchgear)POA

Para engenheiros de proteções e projetistas de quadros elétricos que graduam disjuntores de baixa tensão e relés para que apenas o disjuntor mais próximo do defeito atue.

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Exemplo prático

Um exemplo de referência pré-calculado (rastreável — não requer JavaScript). Introduza os seus próprios parâmetros acima para obter um resultado em tempo real.

Exemplo 1 — 100 A a jusante, 250 A a montante, defeito de 15 kA

Selectivity at 15.0 kA
PARTIAL ⚠
Downstream trips at 0.01 s · upstream at 0.10 s · margin 0.09 s
Downstream Ir
100 A
Upstream Ir
250 A
Grading margin
0.09 s
Requirement
≥ 0.2 s
TCC curves
Time-current characteristic (TCC) — illustrative1101001k10k100k0.01s0.1s1s10s100s1000sIsc 15.0 kADownstream (100 A)Upstream (250 A)
Trip-time calculation
Downstream thermal pick-upIr_d = 100 A × 1 = 100 A
Downstream instantaneousIm_d = 100 A × 10 = 1000 A (Isc ≥ Im, instantaneous trip)
Upstream thermal pick-upIr_u = 250 A × 1 = 250 A
Trip time @ Isct_down = 0.01 s · t_up = 0.10 s · margin = 0.09 s
Recommendation
Increase the upstream short-time delay to ≥ 0.21 s (or use an energy-selective / current-limiting combination).
Bill of materials
EquipmentSpecQtySubtotal
Downstream MCCB100 A · Ir 100 A · Im 1000 A (10×)1POA
Upstream ACB/MCCB250 A · Ir 250 A · Im 2500 A (10×) · Tsd 0.1 s1POA
Total equipment (switchgear)POA

Exemplo 2 — sobreposição magnética, defeito de 30 kA

Selectivity at 30.0 kA
PARTIAL ⚠
Downstream trips at 0.01 s · upstream at 0.10 s · margin 0.09 s
Downstream Ir
100 A
Upstream Ir
250 A
Grading margin
0.09 s
Requirement
≥ 0.2 s
TCC curves
Time-current characteristic (TCC) — illustrative1101001k10k100k0.01s0.1s1s10s100s1000sIsc 30.0 kADownstream (100 A)Upstream (250 A)
Trip-time calculation
Downstream thermal pick-upIr_d = 100 A × 1 = 100 A
Downstream instantaneousIm_d = 100 A × 10 = 1000 A (Isc ≥ Im, instantaneous trip)
Upstream thermal pick-upIr_u = 250 A × 1 = 250 A
Trip time @ Isct_down = 0.01 s · t_up = 0.10 s · margin = 0.09 s
Recommendation
Increase the upstream short-time delay to ≥ 0.21 s (or use an energy-selective / current-limiting combination).
Bill of materials
EquipmentSpecQtySubtotal
Downstream MCCB100 A · Ir 100 A · Im 1000 A (10×)1POA
Upstream ACB/MCCB250 A · Ir 250 A · Im 1250 A (5×) · Tsd 0.1 s1POA
Total equipment (switchgear)POA

Como foi calculado

  • · Pickup térmico: Ir = In × tr.
  • · Pickup instantâneo: Im = In × im.
  • · Disparo de tempo inverso (região térmica): t = 36 · T6 ÷ (I ÷ Ir)².
  • · Disparo a jusante em Isc: instantâneo 0,01 s se Isc ≥ Im, caso contrário o tempo térmico.
  • · Seletividade: margem de gradação = t_up − t_down ≥ 0,2 s (seletividade total).

Normas referenciadas

StandardScope
IEC 60947-2Aparelhagem de baixa tensão — disjuntores
IEEE 242Prática recomendada para proteção e coordenação de sistemas de energia industriais e comerciais (Buff Book)
IEC 60255-151Relés de medição e equipamentos de proteção — proteção de sobre/subcorrente
GB/T 14048.2Aparelhagem de baixa tensão — disjuntores

Perguntas frequentes

What is protection coordination and selectivity?

Coordination ensures the breaker closest to a fault trips first, so a downstream fault does not de-energize the whole feeder. Selectivity is achieved by time grading (upstream breaker delays) or current grading. The calculator checks the grading margin between series breakers and plots TCC curves.

What grading margin should I maintain between breakers?

Keep a time grading margin of 0.2-0.4 s between upstream and downstream breakers so the downstream clears first. The upstream trip time must exceed the downstream clearing time plus a safety margin covering breaker tolerance and relay error. The calculator checks this margin on the TCC curves.

What does a TCC curve show?

A time-current characteristic (TCC) curve plots trip time versus Fault Current for a protection device. Plotting upstream and downstream TCCs on one graph shows whether they are selective — the downstream curve must stay left of (below) the upstream curve across the fault range. The calculator renders the curves for the configured devices.

How do I coordinate a fuse with a breaker?

The fuse must clear faster than the breaker upstream for faults above the crossover current, and the breaker must protect for lower currents. Coordination is checked on the TCC plot — the fuse curve stays below the breaker curve up to the maximum fault level. The calculator compares the two characteristics.

What protection does a transformer feeder need?

A Transformer feeder needs overcurrent (50/51), earth fault (50N/51N), and for MV transformers, differential (87) and restricted earth fault for larger units, plus overload (49). The calculator focuses on the overcurrent and earth-fault grading between the feeder and downstream breakers.

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Os resultados são estimativas de engenharia para conceção preliminar e apenas para referência. Verifique sempre com as normas aplicáveis, a placa de características do equipamento e um engenheiro licenciado antes da aquisição ou instalação.

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