Downstream Ir
100 A
Kalkulator Koordinasi & Selektivitas Proteksi
Periksa apakah pemutus hulu dan hilir mencapai selektivitas pada arus gangguan tertentu, lihat margin grading dan tampilkan kurva karakteristik waktu-arus (TCC) ilustratif.
Hasil
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Contoh keluaranSelectivity at 15.0 kA
PARTIAL ⚠
Downstream trips at 0.01 s · upstream at 0.10 s · margin 0.09 s
Upstream Ir
250 A
Grading margin
0.09 s
Requirement
≥ 0.2 s
TCC curves
Trip-time calculation
| Downstream thermal pick-up | Ir_d = 100 A × 1 = 100 A |
| Downstream instantaneous | Im_d = 100 A × 10 = 1000 A (Isc ≥ Im, instantaneous trip) |
| Upstream thermal pick-up | Ir_u = 250 A × 1 = 250 A |
| Trip time @ Isc | t_down = 0.01 s · t_up = 0.10 s · margin = 0.09 s |
Recommendation
Increase the upstream short-time delay to ≥ 0.21 s (or use an energy-selective / current-limiting combination).
Bill of materials
| Equipment | Spec | Qty | Subtotal |
|---|---|---|---|
| Downstream MCCB | 100 A · Ir 100 A · Im 1000 A (10×) | 1 | POA |
| Upstream ACB/MCCB | 250 A · Ir 250 A · Im 2500 A (10×) · Tsd 0.1 s | 1 | POA |
| Total equipment (switchgear) | POA |
Untuk insinyur proteksi dan perancang switchgear yang melakukan grading pemutus dan relai tegangan rendah agar hanya pemutus terdekat dengan gangguan yang trip.
Gunakan kalkulator
Contoh perhitungan
Contoh referensi yang telah dihitung sebelumnya (dapat dirayapi — tidak memerlukan JavaScript). Masukkan parameter Anda sendiri di atas untuk hasil langsung.
Contoh 1 — hilir 100 A, hulu 250 A, gangguan 15 kA
Selectivity at 15.0 kA
PARTIAL ⚠
Downstream trips at 0.01 s · upstream at 0.10 s · margin 0.09 s
Downstream Ir
100 A
Upstream Ir
250 A
Grading margin
0.09 s
Requirement
≥ 0.2 s
TCC curves
Trip-time calculation
| Downstream thermal pick-up | Ir_d = 100 A × 1 = 100 A |
| Downstream instantaneous | Im_d = 100 A × 10 = 1000 A (Isc ≥ Im, instantaneous trip) |
| Upstream thermal pick-up | Ir_u = 250 A × 1 = 250 A |
| Trip time @ Isc | t_down = 0.01 s · t_up = 0.10 s · margin = 0.09 s |
Recommendation
Increase the upstream short-time delay to ≥ 0.21 s (or use an energy-selective / current-limiting combination).
Bill of materials
| Equipment | Spec | Qty | Subtotal |
|---|---|---|---|
| Downstream MCCB | 100 A · Ir 100 A · Im 1000 A (10×) | 1 | POA |
| Upstream ACB/MCCB | 250 A · Ir 250 A · Im 2500 A (10×) · Tsd 0.1 s | 1 | POA |
| Total equipment (switchgear) | POA |
Contoh 2 — tumpang tindih magnetik, gangguan 30 kA
Selectivity at 30.0 kA
PARTIAL ⚠
Downstream trips at 0.01 s · upstream at 0.10 s · margin 0.09 s
Downstream Ir
100 A
Upstream Ir
250 A
Grading margin
0.09 s
Requirement
≥ 0.2 s
TCC curves
Trip-time calculation
| Downstream thermal pick-up | Ir_d = 100 A × 1 = 100 A |
| Downstream instantaneous | Im_d = 100 A × 10 = 1000 A (Isc ≥ Im, instantaneous trip) |
| Upstream thermal pick-up | Ir_u = 250 A × 1 = 250 A |
| Trip time @ Isc | t_down = 0.01 s · t_up = 0.10 s · margin = 0.09 s |
Recommendation
Increase the upstream short-time delay to ≥ 0.21 s (or use an energy-selective / current-limiting combination).
Bill of materials
| Equipment | Spec | Qty | Subtotal |
|---|---|---|---|
| Downstream MCCB | 100 A · Ir 100 A · Im 1000 A (10×) | 1 | POA |
| Upstream ACB/MCCB | 250 A · Ir 250 A · Im 1250 A (5×) · Tsd 0.1 s | 1 | POA |
| Total equipment (switchgear) | POA |
Cara perhitungannya
- · Pickup termal: Ir = In × tr.
- · Pickup instan: Im = In × im.
- · Trip waktu invers (daerah termal): t = 36 · T6 ÷ (I ÷ Ir)².
- · Trip hilir pada Isc: instan 0,01 s jika Isc ≥ Im, jika tidak waktu termal.
- · Selektivitas: margin grading = t_up − t_down ≥ 0,2 s (selektivitas penuh).
Standar yang dirujuk
| Standard | Scope |
|---|---|
| IEC 60947-2 | Switchgear dan controlgear tegangan rendah — pemutus sirkuit |
| IEEE 242 | Praktik yang direkomendasikan untuk proteksi dan koordinasi sistem tenaga industri dan komersial (Buff Book) |
| IEC 60255-151 | Relai pengukur dan peralatan proteksi — proteksi arus lebih/kurang |
| GB/T 14048.2 | Switchgear dan controlgear tegangan rendah — pemutus sirkuit |
Pertanyaan yang sering diajukan
What is protection coordination and selectivity?
Coordination ensures the breaker closest to a fault trips first, so a downstream fault does not de-energize the whole feeder. Selectivity is achieved by time grading (upstream breaker delays) or current grading. The calculator checks the grading margin between series breakers and plots TCC curves.
What grading margin should I maintain between breakers?
Keep a time grading margin of 0.2-0.4 s between upstream and downstream breakers so the downstream clears first. The upstream trip time must exceed the downstream clearing time plus a safety margin covering breaker tolerance and relay error. The calculator checks this margin on the TCC curves.
What does a TCC curve show?
A time-current characteristic (TCC) curve plots trip time versus Fault Current for a protection device. Plotting upstream and downstream TCCs on one graph shows whether they are selective — the downstream curve must stay left of (below) the upstream curve across the fault range. The calculator renders the curves for the configured devices.
How do I coordinate a fuse with a breaker?
The fuse must clear faster than the breaker upstream for faults above the crossover current, and the breaker must protect for lower currents. Coordination is checked on the TCC plot — the fuse curve stays below the breaker curve up to the maximum fault level. The calculator compares the two characteristics.
What protection does a transformer feeder need?
A Transformer feeder needs overcurrent (50/51), earth fault (50N/51N), and for MV transformers, differential (87) and restricted earth fault for larger units, plus overload (49). The calculator focuses on the overcurrent and earth-fault grading between the feeder and downstream breakers.
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