Purchase
POA
Kalkulator TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) Trafo
Bandingkan biaya siklus hidup penuh tingkat efisiensi trafo — harga pembelian plus rugi no-load dan beban terdiskonto, O&M dan salvage — selama masa pakai.
Hasil
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Contoh keluaranTotal cost of ownership (present value)
$61k
1000 kVA · S13 — oil-immersed (grade 3) · 50% load · 20 yr · 6% discount
Annual loss
29,828 kWh
PV of losses
$48k
Loss factor
13.4×
Full-cost breakdown (20 years, discounted)
| Component | Value |
|---|---|
| Initial purchase | POA |
| No-load loss 830 W | $12k |
| Load loss 10300 W | $36k |
| O&M (1%/yr, discounted) | $2k |
| Salvage (10% residual, discounted) | −$371 |
| Total cost of ownership | $61k |
Efficiency-level comparison (lowest TCO first)
| Efficiency level | Price | Po | Pk | Loss/yr | TCO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amorphous alloy — oil-immersed | POA | 270 W | 10300 W | 24,922 | $56k |
| S20 — oil-immersed (NX1) | POA | 450 W | 9600 W | 24,966 | $56k |
| S13 — oil-immersed (grade 3) ◂ selected | POA | 830 W | 10300 W | 29,828 | $61k |
| S11 — oil-immersed (grade 3) | POA | 1150 W | 10300 W | 32,631 | $65k |
| SCB13 — dry-type | POA | 1200 W | 9600 W | 31,536 | $67k |
Payback insight
Paying $636 extra for "S13 — oil-immersed (grade 3)" over the lowest-cost "S11 — oil-immersed (grade 3)" saves 2,803 kWh/yr — simple payback ≈ 1.9 years.
Untuk insinyur dan pembeli yang membandingkan tingkat efisiensi trafo (S11, S13, S20, amorf, SCB13) berdasarkan total cost of ownership.
Gunakan kalkulator
Contoh perhitungan
Contoh referensi yang telah dihitung sebelumnya (dapat dirayapi — tidak memerlukan JavaScript). Masukkan parameter Anda sendiri di atas untuk hasil langsung.
Contoh perhitungan — 1000 kVA, beban 50%, $0,12/kWh, 20 tahun
Total cost of ownership (present value)
$61k
1000 kVA · S13 — oil-immersed (grade 3) · 50% load · 20 yr · 6% discount
Purchase
POA
Annual loss
29,828 kWh
PV of losses
$48k
Loss factor
13.4×
Full-cost breakdown (20 years, discounted)
| Component | Value |
|---|---|
| Initial purchase | POA |
| No-load loss 830 W | $12k |
| Load loss 10300 W | $36k |
| O&M (1%/yr, discounted) | $2k |
| Salvage (10% residual, discounted) | −$371 |
| Total cost of ownership | $61k |
Efficiency-level comparison (lowest TCO first)
| Efficiency level | Price | Po | Pk | Loss/yr | TCO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amorphous alloy — oil-immersed | POA | 270 W | 10300 W | 24,922 | $56k |
| S20 — oil-immersed (NX1) | POA | 450 W | 9600 W | 24,966 | $56k |
| S13 — oil-immersed (grade 3) ◂ selected | POA | 830 W | 10300 W | 29,828 | $61k |
| S11 — oil-immersed (grade 3) | POA | 1150 W | 10300 W | 32,631 | $65k |
| SCB13 — dry-type | POA | 1200 W | 9600 W | 31,536 | $67k |
Payback insight
Paying $636 extra for "S13 — oil-immersed (grade 3)" over the lowest-cost "S11 — oil-immersed (grade 3)" saves 2,803 kWh/yr — simple payback ≈ 1.9 years.
Contoh perhitungan — 630 kVA S20, beban 60%, $0,15/kWh, 25 tahun
Total cost of ownership (present value)
$63k
630 kVA · S20 — oil-immersed (NX1) · 60% load · 25 yr · 6% discount
Purchase
POA
Annual loss
21,861 kWh
PV of losses
$51k
Loss factor
15.4×
Full-cost breakdown (25 years, discounted)
| Component | Value |
|---|---|
| Initial purchase | POA |
| No-load loss 318 W | $6k |
| Load loss 6048 W | $44k |
| O&M (1%/yr, discounted) | $2k |
| Salvage (10% residual, discounted) | −$261 |
| Total cost of ownership | $63k |
Efficiency-level comparison (lowest TCO first)
| Efficiency level | Price | Po | Pk | Loss/yr | TCO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amorphous alloy — oil-immersed | POA | 191 W | 6489 W | 22,136 | $63k |
| S20 — oil-immersed (NX1) ◂ selected | POA | 318 W | 6048 W | 21,861 | $63k |
| S13 — oil-immersed (grade 3) | POA | 587 W | 6736 W | 26,383 | $72k |
| SCB13 — dry-type | POA | 849 W | 6048 W | 26,506 | $74k |
| S11 — oil-immersed (grade 3) | POA | 813 W | 6489 W | 27,587 | $74k |
Payback insight
Paying $2,409 extra for "S20 — oil-immersed (NX1)" over the lowest-cost "S11 — oil-immersed (grade 3)" saves 5,727 kWh/yr — simple payback ≈ 2.8 years.
Cara perhitungannya
- · Rugi energi tahunan: W = (Po + Pk × LF²) × jam, di mana Po = rugi no-load, Pk = rugi beban, LF = faktor beban rata-rata.
- · Biaya rugi tahunan: Closs = W × tarif.
- · Faktor kapitalisasi rugi: A = [1 − ((1+g)/(1+r))ᴺ] ÷ (r − g) — nilai sekarang dari $1 biaya rugi tahunan.
- · TCO = Pembelian + PV(rugi) + PV(O&M) − PV(salvage), semuanya didiskontokan pada tingkat r.
Standar yang dirujuk
| Standard | Scope |
|---|---|
| IEC 60076 | Trafo daya — rating, rugi dan efisiensi |
| IEC 60364-8-1 | Efisiensi energi dalam instalasi listrik low-voltage |
| IEEE C57.120 | Panduan evaluasi rugi untuk trafo daya dan distribusi |
| GB 20052-2020 | Tingkat efisiensi energi untuk trafo daya |
Pertanyaan yang sering diajukan
What is transformer total cost of ownership (TCO)?
TCO = purchase price plus the present value of lifetime no-load and load losses, O&M and replacement. Losses dominate: over 20-30 years, the capitalized cost of losses often equals 1-2x the purchase price. The calculator discounts losses per IEC 60076 and IEEE C57.120 and compares S11/S13/S20/amorphous/SCB13.
How much more does a low-loss transformer cost and how fast does it pay back?
S13 costs 10-20% more than S11 and cuts No-Load Loss ~25%, typically paying back in 2-4 years where tariffs exceed $0.08/kWh. Amorphous-core transformers cost 20-40% more but cut no-load loss 60-70%, ideal for lightly loaded units. The calculator computes the payback and net present value of the premium.
What is the difference between no-load and load losses?
No-load (iron) loss is constant whenever the Transformer is energized, independent of load — the dominant cost for lightly loaded units. Load (copper) loss varies with the square of load current and dominates at high loading. A transformer loaded at 30% is loss-dominated by no-load loss; the calculator weights both by load profile.
What efficiency grades do transformer standards define?
IEC 60076-20 and GB 20052 define efficiency classes (e.g. Tier 1/Tier 2 in EU, and China's grade 1/2/3). Higher grades mean lower no-load and load losses. China's GB 20052-2020 grades transformers 1-3, with grade 1 being the most efficient. The calculator aligns models to these grades.
When does an amorphous-core transformer make economic sense?
Amorphous-core units cut no-load loss 60-70% but cost 20-40% more, so they win for transformers that run lightly loaded or energised 24/7 with low utilization (e.g. 20-30% loading). At high loading the load loss dominates and the premium pays back slower. The calculator evaluates payback against your load profile.
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