📐 Kalkulator Kemiringan Dudukan PV & Jarak Baris

For fixed-tilt, annual yield is near-maximal when tilt equals latitude (e.g. 30 deg at 30 deg N), with latitude minus 10-15 deg favouring summer and plus 10-15 deg favouring winter. The calculator optimizes tilt for your latitude and lets you weight summer vs winter production.

Row spacing must keep the winter-solstice shadow of one row off the next, computed from the sun's lowest noon elevation. At 30 deg latitude with 20 deg tilt and 1 m module height, spacing is roughly 2-2.5 m between rows. The calculator computes spacing so no shading occurs during the design hours on the winter solstice.

Wider spacing (lower ground coverage ratio) reduces shading losses but increases land area. Ground coverage ratio (GCR) typically ranges 0.3-0.5 for fixed-tilt plants; a GCR of 0.4 uses 2.5 m2 of land per m2 of module. Tight spacing raises rear shading and cuts yield 2-5%; the calculator shows the spacing-yield trade-off.

In the northern hemisphere, due south (azimuth 180 deg) maximizes annual yield. East- or west-facing arrays lose 10-15% annual energy but shift production toward morning or evening, which can be valuable for self-consumption or time-of-use tariffs. The calculator accepts azimuth and adjusts the yield estimate.

Single-axis trackers add 15-25% annual yield over fixed-tilt (more at low latitudes), and dual-axis adds 25-35%, but trackers cost 15-30% more and add maintenance. The yield gain must beat the cost premium. The calculator's fixed-tilt model is the baseline; tracker economics are compared in the payback step.