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太阳能发电系统设计与报价计算器

为住宅或工商业太阳能设计 PV 阵列、逆变器、电池和电缆——包含基于地图的太阳能资源、P50/P75/P90 概率发电量以及全成本经济性分析（LCOE、投资回收期、IRR、NPV）。

开始计算

标准

应用场景 *

系统 AC 容量 (kW) *

日发电量 / 备电 (kWh)

组件功率 (Wp)

峰值日照时数 (kWh/m²/day)

搜索城市 / 地点

搜索地点或点击地图 — 自动填充纬度和太阳能资源。

场址纬度 (°)

电网电价 ($/kWh)

备电天数

储能时长 (h)

电网电压

安装费（占设备费 %）

概率基准

P50 = 中位年份；P75/P90 为基于年际太阳能变率的可融资超越概率水平。

高级参数

默认值符合标准设计基准——请根据现场具体条件进行调整。

DC 电缆长度 (m)

DC 电缆起始截面 (mm²)

组件长度 (mm)

组件宽度 (mm)

最低设计温度 (°C)

最高设计温度 (°C)

电池 C- 倍率限制（0.5–1.0）

估算 CO₂ 减排量

折现率（WACC）

运维成本（$/kW/年）

EPC / 软成本（%）

项目寿命（年）

逆变器更换年份

逆变器更换（$/W）

组件衰减（/年）

工作原理

选择应用场景并输入系统容量。计算器将设计组串、逆变器和电池，按电压降确定 DC 电缆截面，并估算年发电量——然后对 BOM 进行定价并运行全成本经济模型。

Worked Examples

Example 1 — 200 kW C&I Grid-Tie Solar (10 kV) · FOB $78,739

Solar system · iec standard · P50/P75/P90

333,461 kWh/yr (P50)

PR 0.846 · P75 324,471 · P90 316,361 kWh/yr

LCOE (full-cost)

$0.0620/kWh

Payback

4.9 yr

Est. total (FOB)

$78,739

💰 Full-cost economics (P50)

Parameter	Value
LCOE	$0.0620/kWh (O&M + WACC + inverter replacement + degradation)
Simple payback	4.9 yr
IRR / NPV	19.8% / $165,229
DSCR	2.31

☀️ Generation (P50/P75/P90)

Parameter	Value
P50 yield	333,461 kWh/yr
P75 yield	324,471 kWh/yr
P90 yield	316,361 kWh/yr (bankable)
Interannual CV	4.0% · climatology (typical interannual CV assumption)

📦 Bill of Materials (example)

Equipment	Model	Spec	Qty
PV Modules	—	550Wp Mono	437
String Inverter	—	110kW + 100kW	2
DC Combiner Box	—	17 inputs	1
DC Distribution Panel	—	QDTB	1
PV Mounting	—	color-steel / flat roof · tilt 25.9°	1
DC Cable PV1-F 6mm²	—	ΔU 0.2% @ 30m	525
MC4 Connector	—	male/female pair	471
AC Cable	—	YJV 4x150	180
Cable Tray	—	hot-dip galvanized	30
DC Surge Protector	—	40kA 1000V	4
Protection Relay	—	OC/instantaneous/anti-islanding	1
SCADA Monitoring	—	plant-level	1
Earthing System	—	flat bar + rods	1
Step-Up Box Substation	—	250kVA 10kV	1
HV Switchgear	—	KYN28-12	1
Ring Main Unit	—	SF6 630A	1

Summary
Estimated total (FOB Qingdao, EXW) — priced equipment			$78,739

📐 Single-line diagram

⚙️ Electrical schematic (protection & metering)

⛳ Grounding grid layout

🔌 Cable schedule & routing

🗄 Switchgear arrangement

🛡 Protection configuration

📋 Protection settings

Circuit	Protection	Setting	Time	Standard
PV string (DC)	gPV fuse	20 A	inst	IEC 60269-6
DC side	SPD (surge)	Type 2 - 40 kA	inst	IEC 61643-11
Inverter AC output	50/51 + anti-islanding	318 A	0.1 s	IEEE 1547 / IEC 62116
Step-up transformer 250 kVA	87 differential	58 A	inst	IEEE C37.91 / GB/T 14285
Step-up transformer 250 kVA	50/51 overcurrent	347 A	0.3 s	IEC 60255-151
Grid interconnection (POI)	anti-islanding / ROCOF	per grid code	per grid code	IEEE 1547 / IEC 61727

Settings are illustrative starting points — confirm with a protection coordination study per IEC 60255 / IEEE 242.

📚 Calculation book

CALCULATION BOOK

Solar cni-grid - 240 kWp - iec - illustrative

1. PV array

Standard: IEC 62548 (PV array design)

Parameter	Formula	Value
Array capacity	Ppv = kW x oversize	240 kWp
Modules	N = Ppv / Wmodule	437 pcs
Strings	S = N / ns	17 strings

2. String design (temp-corrected)

Standard: IEC 60364-5-52

Parameter	Formula	Value
Modules/string range	nMin - nMax	6 - 27 modules
Cold Voc	Voc x ns @ Tmin	55.4 V
Hot Vmp	Vmp x ns @ Tmax	36.6 V

3. DC voltage drop

Standard: IEC 60364-5-52

Parameter	Formula	Value
DC drop	dU = I x L x R / V	0.2% (<= 2%)
DC cable	section	6 mm2 PV1-F

4. AC interconnection

Standard: IEEE 1547 / IEC 61727

Parameter	Formula	Value
Output current	I = P / (sqrt(3) x V)	289 A
Interconnection	voltage level	step-up to 10 kV (250 kVA box sub)

5. Performance & generation

Standard: IEC 61724 (PV monitoring)

Parameter	Formula	Value
Performance ratio	PR = product of losses	0.846
Annual yield (P50)	Ppv x H x 365 x PR	333,461 kWh/yr
P90 (bankable)	P50 x (1 - 1.282 x CV)	0 kWh/yr

This calculation book is illustrative values consolidate the computed results with the referenced standards. A licensed engineer must verify and seal final design documents.

🔧 Secondary schematic (control & signal)

🔩 Terminal strip (typical)

📏 Standard basis (依据标准)

Topic	Standard
Standard basis	IEC
DC cable ampacity	IEC 60364-5-52 Table B.52.2–B.52.5 (copper, 3 loaded conductors, 30°C ambient, PVC) — typical/rounded values, conservative (±3%)
Voltage-drop limit	IEC 60364-5-52 Annex G (DC drop ≤ 2%)
String temp correction	IEC 60364-5-52 (temp -10°C / 60°C)
Units	mm²

🧮 How it was calculated

1. PV capacity: 200kW x 1.2 = 240.0 kWp

2. Inverter: 110kW + 100kW (parallel)

3. String design: 17 strings x ~26 modules (temp-corrected 6-27/string)

4. DC voltage drop: 0.2% (PV1-F 6mm², 30m run)

5. Mounting: tilt 25.9° · row spacing 3.4m

6. Performance ratio (PR): 0.98 soiling x 0.97 mismatch x 0.98 wiring x 0.987 inverter x 0.92 temp = 0.846

7. Output current: ~ 289A (3-ph 400V)

8. Interconnection: step-up 10kV (box sub 250kVA)

9. LCOE (full-cost): $0.0620/kWh over 25 yr (O&M + WACC + inverter replacement + degradation)

10. Turnkey cost: FOB 78,739 → installed 152,048 (42% soft + 12% landing)

11. Payback / IRR / NPV: 4.9 yr · IRR 19.8% · NPV $165,229 · DSCR 2.31

Example 2 — 10 kW Residential Grid-Tie Solar · FOB $3,282

Solar system · iec standard · P50/P75/P90

15,860 kWh/yr (P50)

PR 0.836 · P75 15,433 · P90 15,047 kWh/yr

LCOE (full-cost)

$0.0686/kWh

Payback

5.4 yr

Est. total (FOB)

$3,282

💰 Full-cost economics (P50)

Parameter	Value
LCOE	$0.0686/kWh (O&M + WACC + inverter replacement + degradation)
Simple payback	5.4 yr
IRR / NPV	17.6% / $6,433
DSCR	2.08

☀️ Generation (P50/P75/P90)

Parameter	Value
P50 yield	15,860 kWh/yr
P75 yield	15,433 kWh/yr
P90 yield	15,047 kWh/yr (bankable)
Interannual CV	4.0% · climatology (typical interannual CV assumption)

📦 Bill of Materials (example)

Equipment	Model	Spec	Qty
PV Modules	—	550Wp Mono	24
Grid-Tied String Inverter	—	10kW	1
PV Mounting (rooftop)	—	13kWp · tilt 25.9°	1
DC Cable PV1-F 4mm²	—	ΔU 0.5% @ 30m	36
MC4 Connector	—	male/female pair	28
DC Surge Protector	—	40kA 1000V	2
AC Distribution Box	—	breaker/SPD/anti-islanding	1
Monitoring Module	—	WiFi/4G APP	1
Mounting Accessories	—	clamps/bolts/earthing	24

Summary
Estimated total (FOB Qingdao, EXW) — priced equipment			$3,282

📐 Single-line diagram

⚙️ Electrical schematic (protection & metering)

⛳ Grounding grid layout

🔌 Cable schedule & routing

🗄 Switchgear arrangement

🛡 Protection configuration

📋 Protection settings

Circuit	Protection	Setting	Time	Standard
PV string (DC)	gPV fuse	20 A	inst	IEC 60269-6
DC side	SPD (surge)	Type 2 - 40 kA	inst	IEC 61643-11
Inverter AC output	50/51 + anti-islanding	15 A	0.1 s	IEEE 1547 / IEC 62116
Grid interconnection (POI)	anti-islanding / ROCOF	per grid code	per grid code	IEEE 1547 / IEC 61727

Settings are illustrative starting points — confirm with a protection coordination study per IEC 60255 / IEEE 242.

📚 Calculation book

CALCULATION BOOK

Solar res-grid - 13 kWp - iec - illustrative

1. PV array

Standard: IEC 62548 (PV array design)

Parameter	Formula	Value
Array capacity	Ppv = kW x oversize	13 kWp
Modules	N = Ppv / Wmodule	24 pcs
Strings	S = N / ns	2 strings

2. String design (temp-corrected)

Standard: IEC 60364-5-52

Parameter	Formula	Value
Modules/string range	nMin - nMax	3 - 18 modules
Cold Voc	Voc x ns @ Tmin	55.4 V
Hot Vmp	Vmp x ns @ Tmax	36.6 V

3. DC voltage drop

Standard: IEC 60364-5-52

Parameter	Formula	Value
DC drop	dU = I x L x R / V	0.5% (<= 2%)
DC cable	section	4 mm2 PV1-F

4. AC interconnection

Standard: IEEE 1547 / IEC 61727

Parameter	Formula	Value
Output current	I = P / (sqrt(3) x V)	14 A
Interconnection	voltage level	380 V direct

5. Performance & generation

Standard: IEC 61724 (PV monitoring)

Parameter	Formula	Value
Performance ratio	PR = product of losses	0.836
Annual yield (P50)	Ppv x H x 365 x PR	15,860 kWh/yr
P90 (bankable)	P50 x (1 - 1.282 x CV)	0 kWh/yr

This calculation book is illustrative values consolidate the computed results with the referenced standards. A licensed engineer must verify and seal final design documents.

🔧 Secondary schematic (control & signal)

🔩 Terminal strip (typical)

📏 Standard basis (依据标准)

Topic	Standard
Standard basis	IEC
DC cable ampacity	IEC 60364-5-52 Table B.52.2–B.52.5 (copper, 3 loaded conductors, 30°C ambient, PVC) — typical/rounded values, conservative (±3%)
Voltage-drop limit	IEC 60364-5-52 Annex G (DC drop ≤ 2%)
String temp correction	IEC 60364-5-52 (temp -10°C / 60°C)
Units	mm²

🧮 How it was calculated

1. PV capacity: 10kW x 1.3 = 13.0 kWp

2. Module count: 13000Wp / 550W = 24 pcs

3. String design: 2 strings x ~12 modules

4. String limits: temp-corrected 3-18 modules/string (Voc 55.4V cold / Vmp 36.6V hot)

5. DC voltage drop: 0.5% (PV1-F 4mm², 30m run)

6. Mounting: tilt 25.9° · row spacing 3.4m

7. Performance ratio (PR): 0.98 soiling x 0.97 mismatch x 0.98 wiring x 0.975 inverter x 0.92 temp = 0.836

8. Inverter: nearest rating 10kW

9. LCOE (full-cost): $0.0686/kWh over 25 yr (O&M + WACC + inverter replacement + degradation)

10. Turnkey cost: FOB 3,282 → installed 7,352 (50% soft + 12% landing)

11. Payback / IRR / NPV: 5.4 yr · IRR 17.6% · NPV $6,433 · DSCR 2.08

计算过程说明

选型依据

年发电量 = DC 容量 × 峰值日照小时数 × 365 × 性能比；P75/P90 = P50 × (1 − 0.674/1.282 × CV)，来自年际辐照度；LCOE 为全成本 ——（CAPEX + Σ(运维 + 逆变器更换) 折现）÷ Σ(发电量折现)。

适用标准

设计遵循 IEC 60364-5-52（或 NEC）进行 DC 电缆载流量和电压降校验，逆变器 MPPT 窗口通过温度修正后的组串电压验证；每项输出均标注其标准依据。

常见问题

光伏发电量的 P50、P75、P90 有什么区别？

P50/P75/P90 是考虑年际气象波动的超额概率发电量估计。P50 是中位年份（50% 概率超过），P90 是 90% 年份都能达到的保守值，是金融机构要求采用的『可融资』口径。年际变异系数典型 4-6% 时，P90 约比 P50 低 7-10%。计算器同时输出三者及 LCOE。

太阳能系统的 LCOE（平准化度电成本）怎么算？

LCOE = 全生命周期折现成本（初始投资、运维、WACC 融资、逆变器更换、组件衰减）÷ 全生命周期折现电量。计算器用全成本模型：25 年寿命、组件年衰减 0.5%、WACC 约 6-8%、年运维约初始投资的 1-1.5%。日照 4.5 小时的 200 kW 工商业系统典型落在 0.04-0.06 美元/kWh。

什么倾角能最大化光伏年发电量？

固定倾角阵列的年发电量在倾角≈当地纬度时接近最优，低纬度地区常取纬度减 5-15° 以偏向夏季负荷，冬季负荷重或离网系统取纬度加 10-15°。北纬 30° 处最优约 25-35°。计算器的发电量模型会考虑倾角、方位角和当地辐照。

一个 100 kW 的光伏系统一年能发多少度电？

年发电量 ≈ 系统 kW × 峰值日照小时数 × 系统效率比（PR）。日照 4.5 小时地区、PR 0.78-0.82 的 100 kW 阵列约发 100×4.5×365×0.80 = 13.1 万 kWh/年。日照更充足地区（5.5-6 小时）可到 16-17.5 万 kWh/年。计算器据此算出 P50/P75/P90。

夜间备用需要配多大容量的电池？

电池容量 = 每日夜间负荷 kWh ÷ 放电深度（DoD）× 备电天数。夜间负荷 40 kWh、锂电 80% DoD、1 天备电需约 50 kWh；再因交流耦合 85-90% 效率加 15-20% 余量。配置器会自动匹配电池组、PCS 和电芯化学体系。

离网和并网光伏，哪种更便宜？

并网系统便宜 30-50%，因为省去电池和备用逆变器。10 kW 并网系统 FOB 约 8000-12000 美元，而同规模离网系统（20-30 kWh 储能 + 混合逆变器）要 1.8-2.8 万美元。只有电网无法接入或接入成本极高时离网才划算；计算器对两种场景都报价。

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太阳能发电系统设计与报价计算器

工作原理

Worked Examples

计算过程说明

常见问题

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