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PV 电站 + 电网互联计算器

在一个工具中完成 MW- 规模太阳能电站的互联设计——电压等级、升压变电站、无功补偿、电网规范符合性及全成本经济性。

开始计算

设计您的 PV 互联方案

预计算的参考示例（可抓取，无需 JavaScript）。在上方输入您自己的参数以进行实时设计。

Example 1 — 计算示例 — 50 MW PV 电站，110 kV 并网 · FOB $9,400,000

PV Plant · 110 kV POI · 0.8 kV (inverter) → 35 kV (collector) → 110 kV (step-up) → 110 kV POI

63 MVA main transformer

40 arrays × 1600 kVA box sub · SVG 15 Mvar

Capacity

50 MW AC

Collector

7 feeder(s) · 95 mm²

P90 yield

54,994,346 kWh/yr

LCOE

$0.0793/kWh

Est. total (FOB)

—

⚡ Module A — Voltage level & interconnection

Parameter	Value
Recommended POI voltage	110 kV
Step-up chain	0.8 kV (inverter) → 35 kV (collector) → 110 kV (step-up) → 110 kV POI
Basis	> 30 MW: 110 kV interconnection with a step-up substation (typical utility-scale threshold).

🔌 Module B — Collector system

Parameter	Value
Arrays / box substations	40 × 1600 kVA (0.8/35 kV)
Collector feeders	7 radial feeder(s) · 95 mm² YJV 35 kV
Topology	Radial collector (放射式)

🔩 Module C — Main transformer (step-up)

Parameter	Value
Rating	63 MVA 35/110 kV · YNd11
Impedance / cooling	Z = 10.5% · ONAN/ONAF
Tap changer	On-load tap changer (OLTC) ±8×1.25%
Standard	IEC 60076

🌀 Module D2 — Reactive power & voltage

Parameter	Value
Dynamic reactive range	±12.50 Mvar (25%)
Compensation	SVG 15 Mvar + shunt reactor 2 Mvar
Cable charging	1.74 Mvar (absorbed by shunt reactor)
Standard	GB/T 29321-2026, GB/T 19964-2024

⚡ Module D4 — Short-circuit contribution

Parameter	Value
Grid fault level	10.50 kA at 110 kV
PV contribution (current-source)	0.315 kA (1.2× rated)
Total POI fault level	10.81 kA

✅ Module D3 — Grid-code compliance

Requirement	Standard	Status
Low/High voltage ride-through (LVRT/HVRT)	GB/T 19964-2024	Design basis — configure inverter LVRT/HVRT curve
Frequency ride-through & primary frequency response	GB/T 19964-2024	Design basis — enable frequency-watt / inertia response
Active power control (ramp rate / AGC-AVC)	GB/T 19964-2024	Design basis — plant controller with AGC/AVC
Reactive power capability	GB/T 29321-2026, GB/T 19964-2024	PASS — SVG 15 Mvar covers ±12.50 Mvar
Power quality (harmonics / flicker / unbalance)	IEC 61000 / GB/T 14549	Design basis — inverter THD < 5% (typical), verify at commissioning
Short-circuit contribution (PV inverter source)	IEEE 1547 / IEC 60909	PV contribution ≈ 0.31 kA (limited, current-source)

☀️ Module F — Generation (P50 / P75 / P90)

Parameter	Value
GHI resource	3.97 kWh/m²/day · PR 0.8
P50 yield	57,962,000 kWh/yr
P75 yield	56,399,344 kWh/yr
P90 yield	54,994,346 kWh/yr (bankable)
30-yr total (with degradation)	1,365,350,056 kWh

💰 Module G — Full-cost economics (LCOE)

Parameter	Value
LCOE (full-cost)	$0.0793/kWh
Simple payback	17.1 yr
IRR / NPV	2.3% / $-17,380,111
DSCR	0.65
Interconnection cost (separate)	$9,400,000 (substation + collector + transmission)
Substation (step-up + GIS + SVG + control)	$6,300,000
Collector network (cable + routing)	$1,600,000
Transmission line to POI	$1,500,000

📦 Bill of Materials

Equipment	Model	Spec	Qty	Price	Subtotal
PV Modules	550 Wp Mono PERC	550 Wp · 104546 pcs (DC/AC ≈ 1.15)	104546	—	—
Central Inverter	2.5 MW string/central	utility-scale · 50.0 MW AC	20	—	—
Ground Mounting Structure	Fixed tilt	tilt optimized for lat 30°	1	—	—
Box-Type Substation (step-up)	0.8/35 kV	1600 kVA step-up	40	—	—
HV Switchgear (collector)	KYN61-40.5	collector switchgear · 7 feeders	7	—	—
Main Transformer (step-up)	SZ11-63MVA/110kV	63 MVA 35/110 kV · YNd11 · OLTC	1	POA	—
SVG (Static Var Generator)	SVG-15Mvar/110kV	dynamic reactive compensation	1	POA	—
Shunt Reactor	2 Mvar	absorb collector cable charging	1	POA	—
Collector Cable	YJV 26/35 kV	95 mm² · radial feeders · 7 feeders	7	POA	—
Earthing System	flat bar + rods	plant grounding grid	1	—	—
SCADA Monitoring	plant-level	power plant controller + SCADA	1	—	—
Estimated total (FOB Qingdao, EXW) — priced equipment				—

📏 Standard basis (依据标准)

Topic	Standard
Standard basis	GB (China)
Grid interconnection	GB/T 19964-2024
Reactive power compensation	GB/T 29321-2026 · GB/T 19964-2024
Power quality (harmonics / flicker)	IEC 61000 · GB/T 14549
Short-circuit	IEC 60909
Power transformer	IEC 60076
HV switchgear	IEC 62271
Cable ampacity	IEC 60287
Earthing design	GB/T 50065

📐 Single-line diagram (with POI)

⚙️ Electrical schematic (protection & metering)

⛳ Grounding grid layout

🔌 Cable schedule & routing

🗄 Switchgear arrangement

🛡 Protection configuration

📋 Protection settings

Circuit	Protection	Setting	Time	Standard
Collector feeder	50/51 overcurrent	45 A	0.1 s	IEC 60255-151
Main transformer 63 MVA	87 differential	0.2 x CT	inst	IEEE C37.91 / GB/T 14285
Main transformer 63 MVA	50/51 overcurrent	315 A	0.3 s	IEC 60255-151
Main transformer 63 MVA	49 thermal	100% rated	alarm 90%	IEC 60076-7 / IEEE C57.91
POI 110 kV	anti-islanding / ROCOF	per grid code	per grid code	GB/T 19964-2024
PV fault contribution	note	current-limited ( 1.2x)	-	IEEE 1547 / IEC 60909

Settings are illustrative starting points — confirm with a protection coordination study per IEC 60255 / IEEE 242.

📚 Calculation book

CALCULATION BOOK

PV interconnection - 50.0 MW - 110 kV POI - illustrative

1. Voltage level & POI

Standard: GB/T 19964-2024

Parameter	Formula	Value
Point of interconnection	voltage chain	110 kV (0.8 kV (inverter) -> 35 kV (collector) -> 110 kV (step-up) -> 110 kV POI)
AC capacity	Pac	50.0 MW
POI current	I = P / (sqrt(3) x V)	262 A

2. Collector system

Standard: IEC 60287 (cable ampacity)

Parameter	Formula	Value
Arrays	nArrays	40 arrays x 1600 kVA box sub
Feeders	nFeeders	7 feeder(s) - 95 mm2 cable

3. Main transformer

Standard: IEC 60076

Parameter	Formula	Value
Rating	MVA	63 MVA - YNd11
Impedance	Z%	10.5%

4. Reactive power

Standard: GB/T 29321-2026, GB/T 19964-2024

Parameter	Formula	Value
Requirement	Q = x% of Pac	25% -> 12.50 Mvar
Compensation	SVG / shunt	SVG 15 Mvar + shunt 2 Mvar

5. Short-circuit

Standard: IEC 60909

Parameter	Formula	Value
Grid contribution	Isc_grid	10.50 kA
PV contribution	Isc_pv (current-source)	0.31 kA
Total	Isc = grid + PV	10.81 kA at 110 kV

6. Generation & economics

Standard: IEC 61724 / NREL ATB

Parameter	Formula	Value
P50 yield	GHI x PR	57,962,000 kWh/yr
P90 (bankable)	P50 x (1-1.282 )	54,994,346 kWh/yr
LCOE	full-cost	$0.0793/kWh

This calculation book is illustrative it consolidates the computed results with the referenced standards. A licensed engineer and the grid operator must verify final interconnection design.

🔧 Secondary schematic (control & signal)

🔩 Terminal strip (typical)

🧮 How it was calculated

1. Voltage level (Module A): 50.0 MW → 110 kV POI (0.8 kV (inverter) → 35 kV (collector) → 110 kV (step-up) → 110 kV POI)

2. Collector (Module B): 40 arrays × 1600 kVA box sub · 7 feeder(s) · 95 mm² cable

3. Main transformer (Module C): 63 MVA YNd11 · Z=10.5% · ONAN/ONAF

4. Reactive power (Module D2): requirement ±12.50 Mvar → SVG 15 Mvar + shunt reactor 2 Mvar

5. Short-circuit (Module D4): grid 10.50 kA + PV 0.31 kA (current-source) = 10.81 kA at 110 kV POI

6. Generation (Module F): GHI 3.97 kWh/m²/day · PR 0.8 → P50 57,962,000 kWh/yr

7. Probability (Module F): P75 56,399,344 · P90 54,994,346 kWh/yr (σ=4% interannual)

8. LCOE (Module G): $0.0793/kWh full-cost (O&M + WACC + inverter replacement + degradation)

9. Economics (Module G): payback 17.1 yr · IRR 2.3% · NPV $-17,380,111 · DSCR 0.65

Example 2 — 示例 — 10 MW PV 电站，35 kV 并网 · FOB $640,000

PV Plant · 35 kV POI · 0.8 kV (inverter) → 35 kV (collector) → 35 kV POI

35 kV direct interconnection

8 arrays × 1600 kVA box sub · SVG 2 Mvar

Capacity

10 MW AC

Collector

2 feeder(s) · 70 mm²

P90 yield

13,993,775 kWh/yr

LCOE

$0.0541/kWh

Est. total (FOB)

—

⚡ Module A — Voltage level & interconnection

Parameter	Value
Recommended POI voltage	35 kV
Step-up chain	0.8 kV (inverter) → 35 kV (collector) → 35 kV POI
Basis	6–30 MW: 35 kV interconnection (typical regional PV threshold).

🔌 Module B — Collector system

Parameter	Value
Arrays / box substations	8 × 1600 kVA (0.8/35 kV)
Collector feeders	2 radial feeder(s) · 70 mm² YJV 35 kV
Topology	Radial collector (放射式)

🔩 Module C — Main transformer (step-up)

Parameter	Value
No separate main transformer — collector voltage connects directly to the POI.

🌀 Module D2 — Reactive power & voltage

Parameter	Value
Dynamic reactive range	±2.00 Mvar (20%)
Compensation	SVG 2 Mvar
Cable charging	0.56 Mvar (absorbed by shunt reactor)
Standard	GB/T 29321-2026, GB/T 19964-2024

⚡ Module D4 — Short-circuit contribution

Parameter	Value
Grid fault level	16.50 kA at 35 kV
PV contribution (current-source)	0.198 kA (1.2× rated)
Total POI fault level	16.69 kA

✅ Module D3 — Grid-code compliance

Requirement	Standard	Status
Low/High voltage ride-through (LVRT/HVRT)	GB/T 19964-2024	Design basis — configure inverter LVRT/HVRT curve
Frequency ride-through & primary frequency response	GB/T 19964-2024	Design basis — enable frequency-watt / inertia response
Active power control (ramp rate / AGC-AVC)	GB/T 19964-2024	Design basis — plant controller with AGC/AVC
Reactive power capability	GB/T 29321-2026, GB/T 19964-2024	PASS — SVG 2 Mvar covers ±2.00 Mvar
Power quality (harmonics / flicker / unbalance)	IEC 61000 / GB/T 14549	Design basis — inverter THD < 5% (typical), verify at commissioning
Short-circuit contribution (PV inverter source)	IEEE 1547 / IEC 60909	PV contribution ≈ 0.20 kA (limited, current-source)

☀️ Module F — Generation (P50 / P75 / P90)

Parameter	Value
GHI resource	5.05 kWh/m²/day · PR 0.8
P50 yield	14,748,920 kWh/yr
P75 yield	14,351,289 kWh/yr
P90 yield	13,993,775 kWh/yr (bankable)
30-yr total (with degradation)	347,424,843 kWh

💰 Module G — Full-cost economics (LCOE)

Parameter	Value
LCOE (full-cost)	$0.0541/kWh
Simple payback	10.9 yr
IRR / NPV	6.9% / $-618,878
DSCR	1.03
Interconnection cost (separate)	$640,000 (substation + collector + transmission)
Substation (step-up + GIS + SVG + control)	$0
Collector network (cable + routing)	$640,000
Transmission line to POI	$0

📦 Bill of Materials

Equipment	Model	Spec	Qty	Price	Subtotal
PV Modules	550 Wp Mono PERC	550 Wp · 20910 pcs (DC/AC ≈ 1.15)	20910	—	—
Central Inverter	2.5 MW string/central	utility-scale · 10.0 MW AC	4	—	—
Ground Mounting Structure	Fixed tilt	tilt optimized for lat 6.5°	1	—	—
Box-Type Substation (step-up)	0.8/35 kV	1600 kVA step-up	8	—	—
HV Switchgear (collector)	KYN61-40.5	collector switchgear · 2 feeders	2	—	—
SVG (Static Var Generator)	SVG-2Mvar/35kV	dynamic reactive compensation	1	POA	—
Collector Cable	YJV 26/35 kV	70 mm² · radial feeders · 2 feeders	2	POA	—
Earthing System	flat bar + rods	plant grounding grid	1	—	—
SCADA Monitoring	plant-level	power plant controller + SCADA	1	—	—
Estimated total (FOB Qingdao, EXW) — priced equipment				—

📏 Standard basis (依据标准)

Topic	Standard
Standard basis	GB (China)
Grid interconnection	GB/T 19964-2024
Reactive power compensation	GB/T 29321-2026 · GB/T 19964-2024
Power quality (harmonics / flicker)	IEC 61000 · GB/T 14549
Short-circuit	IEC 60909
Power transformer	IEC 60076
HV switchgear	IEC 62271
Cable ampacity	IEC 60287
Earthing design	GB/T 50065

📐 Single-line diagram (with POI)

⚙️ Electrical schematic (protection & metering)

⛳ Grounding grid layout

🔌 Cable schedule & routing

🗄 Switchgear arrangement

🛡 Protection configuration

📋 Protection settings

Circuit	Protection	Setting	Time	Standard
Collector feeder	50/51 overcurrent	99 A	0.1 s	IEC 60255-151
POI 35 kV	anti-islanding / ROCOF	per grid code	per grid code	GB/T 19964-2024
PV fault contribution	note	current-limited ( 1.2x)	-	IEEE 1547 / IEC 60909

Settings are illustrative starting points — confirm with a protection coordination study per IEC 60255 / IEEE 242.

📚 Calculation book

CALCULATION BOOK

PV interconnection - 10.0 MW - 35 kV POI - illustrative

1. Voltage level & POI

Standard: GB/T 19964-2024

Parameter	Formula	Value
Point of interconnection	voltage chain	35 kV (0.8 kV (inverter) -> 35 kV (collector) -> 35 kV POI)
AC capacity	Pac	10.0 MW
POI current	I = P / (sqrt(3) x V)	165 A

2. Collector system

Standard: IEC 60287 (cable ampacity)

Parameter	Formula	Value
Arrays	nArrays	8 arrays x 1600 kVA box sub
Feeders	nFeeders	2 feeder(s) - 70 mm2 cable

3. Main transformer

Standard: IEC 60076

Parameter	Formula	Value
Rating	MVA	none (direct collector to POI)
Impedance	Z%	-

4. Reactive power

Standard: GB/T 29321-2026, GB/T 19964-2024

Parameter	Formula	Value
Requirement	Q = x% of Pac	20% -> 2.00 Mvar
Compensation	SVG / shunt	SVG 2 Mvar

5. Short-circuit

Standard: IEC 60909

Parameter	Formula	Value
Grid contribution	Isc_grid	16.50 kA
PV contribution	Isc_pv (current-source)	0.20 kA
Total	Isc = grid + PV	16.69 kA at 35 kV

6. Generation & economics

Standard: IEC 61724 / NREL ATB

Parameter	Formula	Value
P50 yield	GHI x PR	14,748,920 kWh/yr
P90 (bankable)	P50 x (1-1.282 )	13,993,775 kWh/yr
LCOE	full-cost	$0.0541/kWh

This calculation book is illustrative it consolidates the computed results with the referenced standards. A licensed engineer and the grid operator must verify final interconnection design.

🔧 Secondary schematic (control & signal)

🔩 Terminal strip (typical)

🧮 How it was calculated

1. Voltage level (Module A): 10.0 MW → 35 kV POI (0.8 kV (inverter) → 35 kV (collector) → 35 kV POI)

2. Collector (Module B): 8 arrays × 1600 kVA box sub · 2 feeder(s) · 70 mm² cable

3. Main transformer (Module C): none (collector connects directly to POI)

4. Reactive power (Module D2): requirement ±2.00 Mvar → SVG 2 Mvar

5. Short-circuit (Module D4): grid 16.50 kA + PV 0.20 kA (current-source) = 16.69 kA at 35 kV POI

6. Generation (Module F): GHI 5.05 kWh/m²/day · PR 0.8 → P50 14,748,920 kWh/yr

7. Probability (Module F): P75 14,351,289 · P90 13,993,775 kWh/yr (σ=4% interannual)

8. LCOE (Module G): $0.0541/kWh full-cost (O&M + WACC + inverter replacement + degradation)

9. Economics (Module G): payback 10.9 yr · IRR 6.9% · NPV $-618,878 · DSCR 1.03

计算过程

· Voltage level (A): capacity → 10/35/110 kV POI by typical threshold (≤6 / 6–30 / >30 MW).

· Main transformer (C): MVA = P/0.95 × 1.1 → next standard; vector group YNd11, OLTC (IEC 60076).

· Reactive (D2): dynamic range ±(15–25)% of rating → SVG; shunt reactor absorbs cable/OHL charging (GB/T 29321-2026).

· PV short-circuit (D4): inverter current-source contribution ≈ 1.2 × rated (IEEE 1547 / IEC 60909).

· Generation (F): P50 = PAC × GHI × 365 × PR; P75/P90 = P50 × (1 − 0.674σ / 1.28σ), σ = 4%.

· LCOE (G): full-cost = (CAPEX + Σ(O&M + inverter replacement) discounted) ÷ Σ(generation discounted), WACC discounting, degradation included.

引用标准

Standard	Scope
GB/T 19964	光伏发电站接入电力系统技术规定 — PV power-station grid interconnection technical requirements: voltage/frequency ride-through, active-power control, reactive-power capability and power-quality limits at the point of interconnection.
GB/T 29321-2026	光伏发电站无功补偿技术规范 — Reactive-power compensation for PV power stations — dynamic reactive range and compensation equipment (SVG, shunt reactor/capacitor).
GB/T 50065	交流电气装置的接地设计规范 — Earthing design for AC electrical installations, including substation grounding grids and step/touch voltage verification.
GB/T 14549	电能质量公用电网谐波 — Harmonic current limits for equipment connected to the public supply network.
IEC 60076	Power transformers — Power-transformer ratings, impedance, vector groups, tap-changers and cooling (basis for main-transformer selection).
IEC 62271	High-voltage switchgear and controlgear — HV switchgear ratings — breaking current, busbar and GIS/AIS (basis for collector/substation switchgear).
IEC 60287	Electric cables — calculation of the current rating — Cable ampacity calculation (basis for collector cable sizing).
IEC 60364	Low-voltage electrical installations — LV installation and protection requirements.
IEC 60909	Short-circuit currents in three-phase AC systems — Short-circuit current calculation (basis for POI fault level and protection grading).
IEC 61727	Photovoltaic (PV) systems — characteristics of the utility interface — PV utility-interface characteristics, including power quality and protection requirements.
IEC 61000	Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — EMC and power-quality (harmonics/flicker) limits.
IEEE 1547	Standard for interconnection and interoperability of distributed energy resources — DER interconnection requirements: voltage/frequency ride-through, power control and anti-islanding.
EN 50549	Requirements for generating plants connected in parallel with distribution networks — European grid-code requirements for generating plants at the distribution level.
VDE-AR-N 4105/4110/4120	German technical connection rules (low / medium / high voltage) — German grid-connection codes for generators at LV/MV/HV.
SGCC 接入设计深度规定	国网《光伏发电站接入系统设计内容深度规定》 — State Grid Corporation of China regulation on the required depth/content of PV power-station interconnection-system design.

常见问题

光伏电站应以什么电压等级并网？

并网电压随容量而定：约 250 kW 以下用 0.4 kV，250 kW-6 MW 用 10 kV，6 MW 以上用 35 kV 或 110 kV。50 MW 电站通常 110 kV 并网。选型要在变压器损耗与并网成本间权衡，具体接入点由电网公司指定。计算器自动选电压等级与主变容量。

光伏电站需要多少无功补偿？

并网导则（GB/T 19964、IEEE 1547）要求逆变器在 0.95 超前至 0.95 滞后功率因数范围内运行，且故障时通常要提供无功支撑。大型电站一般加装占容量 10-30% 的集中式 SVG/SVC。50 MW 电站常配 10-15 Mvar 动态补偿以满足电压支撑要求。

光伏逆变器会贡献多少短路电流？

跟网型光伏逆变器的短路电流贡献约为额定电流的 1.0-1.2 倍、持续几个周波，远小于同步机的 5-7 倍。50 MW 电站贡献约 60-70 MVA。校核断路器与变压器故障容量时需计入，计算器已把光伏短路贡献纳入并网计算。

光伏电站的集电线路典型电压是多少？

大型光伏电站通过 800 V 直流汇集到集中式或组串式逆变器，再经 0.8 kV 升压至 10 kV 或 35 kV 集电线路。组串式逆变器（≤250 kW）进 10 kV 集电，集中式（500 kW-3 MW）进 35 kV。集电线路典型 5-20 km，压降控制在 2% 以内。

光伏电站主变压器如何选型？

主变容量 = 逆变器交流容量 ÷ 功率因数，留 5-10% 裕量后取标准容量（IEC 60076）。50 MWac、0.95 功率因数约需 55 MVA，取 63 MVA。光伏主变多为油浸 ONAN、35/110 kV，空载损耗按 GB/T 6451 能效等级限制。

并网需要做哪些电网导则符合性校核？

按 GB/T 19963/19964 与 IEEE 1547 的关键校核包括：高低电压穿越、频率穿越（典型 47.5-51.5 Hz）、功率因数能力、爬坡率限制和防孤岛。计算器校核电压等级匹配、主变选型、无功补偿与故障贡献，并对超出典型导则包络的参数给出提示。

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